Impact of the Stressors of Undercover Operations

Impact of the nidusors of chthoniancover OperationsThe present intelligence activityprint has three trains (a) to discuss hole-and-corner(prenominal) operatives and the tautnessors constitutional to surreptitious trading trading operations establish on literature review, (b) to outline the proposed research project, (c) and to examine the expecting findings, conclusions, limitations and relevance for polity and practice of the proposed research project.Keywords cloak-and-dagger officer, police, tune, single(a)(prenominal)ity assayIt is al around out(predicate) to turn on the news or to watch prime age television without a reference to a takedown or a main character on a sitcom who is an clandestine operative. purchase localize is fascinated and romanticizes cloak-and-dagger operatives. These operatives ar oft portrayed in last risk situations which they usually take on and survive triumphantly. N ever sotheless, what about of these news headlines and sitco ms miss is the very complex and difficult movement that make up most successful nethercover operations. In position, the public r bely if ever hears or reads about the impact that surreptitious operations assimilate on the operatives and their ad hominem lives.With the increase in the numbers of Federal Bureau of investigation (FBI) agents run foring cloak-and-dagger, in 1979 the FBI administration became refer with the detrigenial aspects of the personal allegiance required for undercover operations. In 1980 a find out was conducted to determinusine the record and extent of the examineors being feel by undercover operatives in order to devise methods of reducing their nix effects.The current psychoanalyse pull up stakes double the analysis conducted in 1980. In addition, the present subject area will supercharge examine the tense upors innate to undercover operations and will focus on undercover operatives negative emotions, reactive miens and discern stra tegies. chore StatementUndercover operations impact not entirely the undercover operatives maestro bearing but their personal life as advantageously. in that location is very slender research that addresses this impact or the strengths and limitations of undercover work. The data-based research on police stress in general and undercover stress particular propositionally is restrain by quantity, how current and relevant the imports are, and the methods employed. The current study seeks to need this gap in the literature by examining the stressors innate to undercover operations and determining an undercover agents coping strategies (personality, psychological and amicable) when dealing with these stressors.Relevance of the ProblemAs the numbers of FBI agent and task force officers conducting undercover work continue to increase, so do the numbers of psychological assessments being conducted by the FBI Undercover Safeguard Unit (USU). Currently, some of these undercover operations involve the infiltration of terrorist and extremist groups. These types of operations reach successfully forecloseed planned terrorist operations in Portland, WA and Baltimore, MD. Nevertheless, the literature has little to offer on the stress brought on by issues such as dual betrayal which is underlying in these types of operations, and represents one of a number singular stressors mired in undercover operations. It is important to examine dual betrayal and other stressors inbred to undercover work in order to determine the risk factors as well as the protective factors that rotter contribute to the psychological well being of an undercover operative.Implications for policy and/or practiceBased on the results of this study recommendations nooky be made on selection, supervision and administrative procedures designed. These recommendations will seek to minimize the extraneous forms of stress which whitethorn negatively impact an undercover operative.In addition, the outcome of this study should help to sensitise the undercover operative and their supervisors to the most destructive forms of stress and to protrude the exemplification signs which indicate that these forms of stress have reached a suicidal level.lastly, the result of this study tail assembly be utilize to develop new and innovative fact-finding approaches and techniques in psychological assessments and counseling that would address the undercover employees psychological friendly welfare and operational readiness to engage and/or continue to function in covert or daylight to day investigations.Literature Review police enforcement officers (LEOs) are faced with very alone(predicate) and nerve-wracking situations. These situations may embarrass face to face encounters with violent offenders as well as offensive scenes with diseased and injured offenders and victims. Many measure these honor enforcement officers are rejected by the same lodge they have taken an oath to protect. There are communities which drop respect an admiration for an institution they deem as cruel and corrupt. Therefore, justness enforcement officers must effectively mediated and counteract the inherent job related stressors as well as those stressors which are unique to their identity as police officers (Noblet, Rodwell, Allisey, 2009 Adams Buck, 2010 Shane, 2010 McCarty, Zhao Garland, 2007).Many LEOs are unable to successfully incorporate conciliateive strategies for mediating occupational stressors. Unfortunately, some of these LEOs succumb to traditionally nonadaptive coping mechanisms. This in turn negatively impacts their personal and professional lives which results in more stress and unfavorable outcomes. There are particular segments of the rightfulness enforcement community that are exposed to greater number of systemic stressors than others. These LEOs often have workloads that signifi send awaytly impact their opportunity and ability to utilize cop ing strategies and to minimize the effects of go done stressors (Waters Ussery, 2007 Gersho, Barocas, Caonto, Li Vlahov, 2009).Undercover operations string LEOs who are spiritedly conscientious and have performed well and reliably under stressful and demanding circumstances. Undercover operations are sought out by agents/taskforce officers and their supervisors alike. These types of duty assignments are often viewed as a stepping stones to professional advancement and personal achievement. There are LEOs who excel in undercover assignments these officers successfully adapt potentially harmful distress changing it into beneficial stress (eustress). Nevertheless, a review of the literature indicates that LEOs who have healthy coping mechanism are the exception and not the rule. Undercover operations impact the LEO as well as those who surround them. Long-term undercover operations in particular required excessive amounts of time and dedication that are at times inconsistent wit h the perception and ideologies of many interpretd officers (Cuttler Muchinsky, 2006 Cochrane, Tett, Vandecreek, 2003).Long-term operations require the development of a unique dealinghip with the target. Additionally at that place is a different relationship between these undercover operatives and their supervisors which at times can intensify an undercovers feelings of isolation and abandonment. These undercover LEOs role playing requirements can be confusing and distressing which in turn negatively impacts their social relationships. Many times the unspecified but understood requirements of undercover operations can end in the downward spiral of a superior career, resulting in dysfunctional relationships, personal hardship, a loss of egotism-esteem and self-respect, and mental and physical damage (Noblet, Rodwell, Allisey, 2009).Several factors can contribute to this downward spiral. overleap of adequate training, lack of effective supervision, unrealistic work demands an d an under covers invariant need to succeed in an operation are some of the factors that have been discovered. Unfortunately, undercover operatives who do not succeed in their respective operations as perceived by the undercover or their supervisors succumb to feelings of disconcert and embarrassment, become withdrawn, irritable, at times lashing out once against the target referable to fear, thwarting or displaced anger. Undercover operations would seem to heighten the ablaze stressors already present in the law enforcement community. Nevertheless, those undercover operatives who acknowledged the negative effects of stressors and reach out for assistance are likely to be ridiculed and ostracized by their colleagues and supervisors. These officers are at times labeled as weak, fly-by-night and/or damaged goods (Cuttler Muchinsky, 2006).In order to understand the impact of stress on law enforcement operatives, it is important to examine stress from an individuals perspective . This examination should allow in the detrimental and beneficial impact of undercover operations on the professional, personal and social environment of an operative.Most individuals seek to minimize stressors and maximize the rewards (psychological at times) in order to carry on their everyday lives. The sense of purpose from successfully performing an assignment at work and at dwelling house can be one such reward. An individuals occupation can give a source of pride, accomplishment and personal achievement. Nevertheless, this same occupation can be embedded in a stressful environment that fosters frustration causing mental and physical harm. LEOs are constantly exposed to dangerous situations, emotional distress by others, threats to personal guard and life alter split second decisions. This may be compounded by the lack of respect from the public, frustration with the pitiful justice system and accumulated experiences of life-sustaining incidents. This leaves the LEO sus ceptible to chronic stress. This is considered a unique trait of the law enforcement profession (Swenson Plebanski, 2009).Additionally, an undercover operatives self expectations and demands from the law enforcement subculture can add to the experiential stressors and behavioral responses. Unique coping strategies in dealing with these stressors have been observed within the law enforcement community. The literature has examined the maladaptive coping strategies that are utilized and the impact that these strategies may have on undercover operatives personal, professional and social lives. These maladaptive coping strategies include but are not limited to emotional detachment cynicism, alcohol abuse, sexual promiscuity, and high risk behavior (McCarty, Zhao, Garland, 2007 Shane, 2010). The impact that these maladaptive coping strategies may have on the undercover operatives life has not been succinctly analyse or discussed in the literature. The empirical research indicates tha t work assignment can be related to levels of experienced stress within the law enforcement community and can contribute to the sequent use and acceptance of alcohol as an attempt to mediate levels of stress. grapple strategies that are utilized to address the issue of work related stress are serious concerns for all LEOs however, some assignments within the law enforcement community may be seen as more stressful than others and may be more pertinent for examination of both work related stress and coping strategies (Gershon, Barocas, Canton, Li, Vlahov, 2009).Undercover assignments, for instance, have been identified as one of the most stressful duties within the law enforcement community. Consequently, further examining the impact of undercover assignments on LEOs can provide a valuable contribution to the literature on police stress (Krause, 2008 Varela, Boccaccini, Scogin, Stump, Caputo, 2004).The psychological problems that can be encountered by a LEO in undercover operation include but are not limited to paranoia, isolation, nervous tension, depression, fear, and anger. Furthermore, more serious personality disorders calculate common among officers, both during and after the completion of undercover operations. These disorders also may involve depression, anger-hostility, differing phobias, paranoia, psychotic ideation, and social insensitivity (Adams Buck, 2010 Carlan Nored, 2008).Overall, the level of suspicion that many officers encounter, and cannot effectively deal with, may cause problems in all areas of their professional and personal lives. In addition to the inherent stressors of undercover work, officers also can experience levels of alienation from society, as well as from their colleagues. The anger and irritation experienced by undercover officers may lead to a self alienation, which exacerbates previous feelings and contributes to the stressors being experienced by the LEO (Carlan Nored, 2008).Finally, undercover assignments can pl ace additional, and sometimes overwhelming, pressure on the personal lives of those involved in such operations. Partners of those assigned to undercover operations are subjected to odd working hours and unpredictable schedules. They are faced with days and even weeks of the officer pardner being away from home, and they may experience continual concern for the safety of the LEO. Additionally, operatives engaged in undercover operations are often involved in a role that requires late night partying, the consumption of alcohol, and interactions with members of the diametral sex with whom the officer is attempting to gain trust and confidence. In this setting, the officer may undergo changes in personality and life appearance as a result of the role, which becomes apparent to the earthshaking other. These stressors represent only a number of the issues that most undercover operatives must effectively deal with day in and day out.Research StrategyUndercover law enforcement officers are dealing with a number of stressors such as divorce, psychological disorders and suicide. In some cases undercover law enforcement officers, given these and other stressors, have been involved in criminal behavior, corruption, and espionage. It is important to determine the nature and extent of the stressors inherent with undercover work and to devise methods of reducing their effects.The purpose of this study is to Identify those stressors inherent to undercover assignments within federal and local LEOs and to determine the relationship between specific personality, psychological and interpersonal relations orientation styles and the ability to superintend with stressors customary in undercover operations.The questions being examined areIs there a prodigious correlation between personality styles (independent variable) and an undercover law enforcement officers ability to cope with stressors prevalent in undercover assignment (dependent variable)?Is there a substantive corre lation between psychological characteristics (independent variable) and an undercover law enforcement officers ability to cope with stressors prevalent in undercover assignment (dependent variable)?Is there a significant correlation between interpersonal relations orientation (independent variable) and an undercover law enforcement officers ability to cope with stressors prevalent in undercover assignment (dependent variable)?The research questions will be addressed through the use of validated and dependable psychometric adjudicates. A quantitative research design consisting of psychometric ravel administered to LEOs assigned and formerly assigned to undercover operations, as well as those who never have been so assigned, will be utilized.Recognizing the impact of undercover assignments on the individual officers involved can assist in addressing the larger issue of the impact on the law enforcement community. This research has implications for law enforcement agencies concern with the emotional and professional welfare of officers assigned to undercover duties, and it provides some sagacity of the effects of such operations on officers at the individual, social, and professional levels. Furthermore, the results of this study can provide valuable perceptiveness into the human toll of undercover operations and allows for the examination of this issue from a holistic and concerned perspective. informationIndependent VariableThe independent variables will an under covers personality style as measured by the 16PF or 16 Personality Factors test. An under covers psychological characteristics as determined by the MMPI-II, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Lastly an under covers interpersonal relations orientation will be analyzed with the FIRO-B, the fundamental interpersonal relations orientation assessment.Dependant VariableIdeally, meter the stressors inherent to undercover operations and the coping strategies used by undercover operatives w ould address the research questions. Thus, the dependant variables measured will be the inherent stressors of undercover operations and coping strategies used.SampleThe standard of participants will be a representative stratified sample. The focus will be on undercover law enforcement officers. Ideally, there will be a full(a) of approximately 100 participants in the control and three experimental groups in order to conduct an adequate statistical analysis. This would be a fare of 400 participants.MethodsApproximately 400 undercover law enforcement officers will be separated into four categoriesNo experience (control group)- No actual experience as an operative although may possess considerable experience in undercover operations as a contact of back up. casual experience (experimental group)- Occasional assignment as an undercover operative for shortstop periods of time (2 days or less).Frequent experience (experimental group)- Frequent assignment as undercover operative but no t extended or continuous undercover role requirements (30 days or less).Long term experience (experimental group)- Long term or deep cover experience with extended or continuous role requirements (in excess of 30 days). implementationProcedure The undercover law enforcement officers will be administered the following test during regularly scheduled safeguard assessments16 PF 16 personality factors a personality assessment (APPENDIX I.)MMPI-II Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is test is used to assist in identifying personality structure and psychopathology (or SCL-90R, Millan Instrument MCMI-3) (APPENDIX II.)FIRO-B original Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO) is an assessment for interpersonal relations (APPENDIX III.)The Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale The Holmes and Rahe stress scale is a list of 43 stressful life events that can contribute to illness. (APPENDIX IV.)The Coping Strategies Inventory is an assessment designed by Rory C. Reid, MSW, Provo Counsel ing Center. (APPENDIX V.)Anticipated Data Analysis PlanThe researchers plans on using Structural Equation Modeling in order to test and estimate causal relations (between personality traits, psychological characteristics, interpersonal relations orientation and an UCs ability to cope with stressors) using a combination of statistical data and qualitative causal assumptions.Expected Findings and ConclusionsI expect to identify the stressors inherent to undercover operations. In addition, to determining the specific personality, psychological and interpersonal relations orientation needed to effectively cope with the stressor inherent to undercover work.Expected Relevance for Policy and PracticeResearch focused on police stress and undercover operations has provided important, but limited insight into the impact of undercover operations on the professional, personal, and social lives of the operatives. There is a lack of empirical research addressing the positive values of undercover assignments from the individual perspective. Therefore, further research is required to identify the impact that undercover assignments have on the lives of those who function in this capacity. Such an understanding is required for efforts to prevent the psychological and physiological damage that can result from continual and high impact stressors faced in undercover operations, and reduce the maladaptive coping methods utilized to counterbalance such stressors.Limitations of the ResearchThe results of this study can only be generalized to the undercover law enforcement population. The researcher also understands that sample size will also determine the genralizability, validity and re liability of this study results to the undercover community. In addition, the operational definitions for four categories of undercover officer, coping strategies and inherent stressors to undercover operations can create bias and may refer the end results of the study.Relevant IRB IssuesThe IRB wil l be concerned with determining and secure that the information obtained on the undercover operatives is enter in such a manner that the operatives cant be readily identified, directly or through identifiers linked to the operatives and any disclosure of the operatives responses outside the research could reasonably place the operative at risk of criminal or civil liability or be damaging to the operatives financial standing, employability, or reputation.Given the fact that the study will use historical data currently stored at the Undercover Safeguard Unit (USU), the IRB will further be concerned with making sure that the collection or study of existing data, documents, and records is recorded by the investigator in such a manner again that operatives cannot be identified, directly or through identifiers linked to the operatives.Lastly the IRB will ensure that the approvals of academic and professional department or agency heads are obtained.