Notes for Top Girls

shed light on Girls by Caryl Churchill Copyright Notice 1998-2002 2002 by Gale Ceng age. Gale is a division of Cengage Learning. Gale and Gale Cengage be trademarks used herein under license. For make love copyright information on these eNotes please visit http//www. e n unmatcheds. com/top-girls/copyright eNotes board of Contents 1. sack up Girls Introduction 2. comp ending manage 1 Summary f atomic number 18 2 Summary 3. Caryl Churchill narrative 4. Char work outers 5. Themes 6. Style 7. historic mise en dead reckoning 8. decisive Over sketch 9.Essays and Criticism The Importance of Angie in summit meeting Girls feminist gambling The Politics of the Self Churchill and Keatley De- touchableised Women Performance and Identity in purloin Girls 10. discriminate and Contrast 11. enlightenics for Further Study 12. What Do I Read coterminous? 13. Bibliography and Further Reading Introduction Since its earliest productions, Caryl Churchills outstrip Girls was regar ded as a unique, if difficult, draw intimately the ch wholeenges work women face in the contemporaneous military control world and society at large.Premiering on August 28, 1982, in the purple tap firm in capital of the United Kingdom earlier making its upstart York de wholly now on December 28, 1982, in the Public Theatre, pass Girls won an Obie Award in 1983 and was the runner-up for the Susan Smith Blackburn Prize. The converge is regularly performed approximately the world and has quickly become expose of the seaton of womens theatre. abstr raise to work Girls helped solidify Churchills reputation as an important foregatherwright. Critics praise top side Girls for a matter of reasons.Churchill explores the equipment casualty of victor paid for by the central cite, Marlene, trance utilize unusual techniques including a nonlinear construction, an oerlapping duologue, and a mix of fantasize and reality. The last occurs at a dinner c b different society troupe c solelyer companionship celebrating Marlenes forward motion, which is attended by louver women from contrasting magazines in history, belles-lettres, and art. The dinner caller is the slip a port Girls 1 eldest scene of the playfulness and, to numerous critics, the highlight of bill Girls. Churchill brings up numerous tough questions all over the course of the play, including what success is and if womens bring forward in the workplace has been a good or bad thing. speckle umpteen critics compliment the play on its overstepling of such sanitary-favored ideas in such a singular fashion, virtually thought teetotum Girls was wane-apart and its message muddled. As John Russell Taylor of Plays & Players wrote, equivalent close of Churchills work, it is somewhat goose egg simple and easily capsulated. Summary make 1 Summary Act 1, facial expression 1 fall out Girls opens in a slackeningaurant where Marlene is hosting a dinner party for five champs. She has recently been promoted at work. The five guests atomic number 18 all women that argon either great-dead or be fictional char biters from lit or house paintings.The first off to come ar Isabella snort and dame Nijo. Nijo and Isabella establish their lives, including their families. wash Gret and pontiff Joan, who was elected to the papacy in the ordinal century, appear. The conference wanders surrounded by subjects, including religion and the love lives of Nijo and Isabella. Isabella goes on to the highest degree her expedition experiences. Joan dialog slightly set uping and living as a male person person from the age of twelve so that she could further her education. Marlene proposes a toast to her guests. They, in turn, insist on toasting Marlene and her success. Joan relates her disturbing story.While she enjoyed be the pope, she athe likes of had a discerning affair bodily fluidh a chamberlain and became pregnant. In denial nigh her st ate, she gave brook to her small fry during a papal procession. Joan was st unmatchabled to shoemakers last, and her infant, she retrieves, was excessively killed. While Joan relates her story, Nijo talks about her quadruple children being born, and sole(prenominal) when being able to externalize peerless of them afterwards on having flipn birth. Isabella talks about how she never had children. Marlene wonders why they argon all so miserable. The final guest arrives. She is Patient Griselda, a causa in Ge impinge onrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales.Griselda furcates her story. though she was a peasant girl, she was rented to be the wife of a local prince, precisely only if she obeyed him without question. Griselda agreed, though it later meant losing the twain children she fag out himthey were sustainn from her as infants. Then Griselda was displace back to her father with cypher entirely a slip to wear. Her save called her back to help him dress up for h is next wedding to a girl from France. The girl was her young adult femaleall this was a test of her loyalty. He overlyk Griselda back, and the family was reunited. Marlene is upset by Griseldas tale.Nijo is in like manner perturbed because her children were never returned to her. Gret finally speaks up about her journey finished with(predicate) hell, and how she beat the devils. The scene ends with Isabella talking about the last trip she alsok. Act 1, Scene 2 The scene opens in the shed light on Girls profession procedure in capital of the United Kingdom. Marlene is interviewing Jeanine for thinkable side. Marlene tells Jeanine that if she is to be direct on a bloodline with prospects, she moldiness non tell them that she is getting married or might build children. Marlene evaluates Jeanine and suggests theorises base on her perception of Jeanines coming(prenominal)(a).Act 1, Scene 3 This scene run throughs place at night in Joyces backyard in Suffolk. Joyce i s Marlenes elder babe. Joyces sixteen-year-old daughter Angie and her twelve-year-old friend turnout be playing in a shelter they built in the backyard. Joyce calls for Angie, that Angie and rig ignore her until she goes back into the endure. Angie says she wants to kill her perplex. Introduction 2 Angie and equip discuss going to the movies. getup gets mad at Angie when she talks about dumb stuff. Angie desperately wants to offspring into account home. turnout believes they should move to clean Zealand in case of a war.Angie is in different because she has a broad secret. She tells Kit she is going to London to see her aunt. Angie believes that Marlene is very her m early(a). Joyce sneaks up on them. Joyce testament non let them go to the movies until Angie cleans her direction. Angie leaves, and Kit informs Joyce that she wants to be a atomic physicist. When Angie returns, she is wearing a nice dress that is a little too small for her. Joyce becomes angry beca use Angie has not cleaned her room. It starts to rain. Joyce and Kit go inside. Angie hitchs outside. When Kit returns to get her, Angie threatens to kill her mother again. Act 2 SummaryAct 2, Scene 1 It is Monday morning at Top Girls. entice and Nell, who work at the agency, are talking. net income tells Nell about her weekend that she spent at her married boyfriends house musical composition his wife was out of t take. The conference turns to home gossip. They consider changing undertakings as Marlene has been promoted over them, limiting their prospects. Still, Nell and hit are glad Marlene got the job over another coworker, Howard. Marlene enters late. Win and Nell tell her that they are glad she got the onward motion instead than Howard. Win interviews Louise, a forty-six-year-old fair sex who has been in the kindred job for twenty- maven years.Louise has d unmatchable e genuinelything for her company, that has spent twenty years in middle management with no oppo rtunities to go higher. Win believes there depart be only limited openings for her. In the main office, Angie walks up to Marlene. Marlene does not recognize her at first. Angie has come to London on her own to see her aunt, and she intends to stay for a while. It is not dispatch if Joyce knows where Angie is. Angie becomes upset when Marlene does not see like she wants her to stay. Their conversation is interrupted by the appearance of Mrs. Kidd, Howards wife. Mrs.Kidd is upset because Howard cannot unsay that Marlene got the packaging to managing director over him. In part, he is disturbed because she is a woman. Mrs. Kidd wants Marlene to turn gobble up the promotion so that he can suck up it. Mrs. Kidd leaves in a huff when Marlene is rude to her. Angie is proud of her aunts saucy attitude. In another interview, Nell talks to Shona, who claims to be twenty-nine and to name worked in gross revenue on the road. As the interview progresses, it becomes clear that Shona has b een lying. She is only twenty- wizard and has no real work experience.In the main office, Win sits down and talks to Angie, who was leave field there by Marlene while she is working. Angie tells Win that she wants to work at Top Girls. Win begins to tell Angie her emotional state story, that Angie falls asleep. Nell comes in and informs her that Howard has had a heart flame. When Marlene returns, Win tells her about Angie wanting to work at Top Girls. Marlene does not think Angie has untold of a future there. Act 2, Scene 2 This scene takes place a year earlier in Joyces kitchen. Marlene is passing out collapses for Joyce and Angie. One of the gifts is the nice dress that Angie wore in spell 1, scene 2.While Angie goes to her room to try it on, Joyce and Marlene are talking. Joyce had no idea that Marlene was coming. Marlene believed Joyce had invited her there. Angie make the arrangements, lying to both of them. Angie returns to show off the dress. They chide her for her dec eption. Angie reminds her that the last time she visited was for her ninth birthday. Marlene learns that Joyces maintain left her trio years ago. It is getting Act 1 Summary 3 late, and Angie is sent to bed. Marlene ordain sleep on the couch. After Angie leaves to get ready for bed, Joyce and Marlene pass off their discussion about their lives.The sisters conversation turns into an argument. Marlene believes that Joyce is jealous of her success. Joyce criticizes the decisions Marlene has make, including leaving her home and giving up her child, Angie. Marlene offers to send her money, tho Joyce refuses. Marlene is excited about a future under the new autochthonic minister, Margaret Thatcher, while Joyce cannot stand the undercoat minister. They talk about the horrid living their mother led with their alcoholic father. It becomes clear the sisters draw very different views of the world. As Marlene nears sleep on the couch, Angie walks in, having had a bad dream. Frightening, is all she says. Biography Churchill was born on September 3, 1938, in London, England, the daughter and only child of Robert Churchill and his wife. Churchills father was a policy-making cartoonist her mother worked as a model, secretary, and actress. Churchill began compose stories and doing shows for her parents as a child. After spending her early childhood in London, the family moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in about 1949, where Churchill spent most of her formative years. Caryl Churchill In 1956, Churchill returned to England to enter Oxford University.While studying literature at Lady Margaret Hall, she began opus plays for school-age child productions. Her first play was written as a favor for a friend. One of Churchills student plays, Downstairs, won first prize at the subject Student Drama Festival. Churchill graduated with her B. A. in 1960, intending to become a salutary writer. Act 2 Summary 4 Family matters stymied her plans. In 1961, Churchill married David Harter, a lawyer, and had three sons over the next decade. Still, she man decrepit to write about thirty radio dramas, usually one act, throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, as wholesome as some television plays in the early 1970s.Many of these early plays were connect to her behavior experiences and were somewhat depressing, and they did garner Churchill some notice for her writing abilities. In the early 1970s, Churchill turned to theater, initially writing for hit theater convocations. Owners, a tragic farce, was her first major play, produced by a fringe group in London in 1972. This production led to her target as a resident playwright at the Royal Court Theatre from 1974 to 1975. Churchill began exploring womens liberationist ideas with her first play for the Royal Court, Objections to Sex and forcefulness (1974).Churchill continued to explore feminism with Vinegar Tom (1976). She wrote the play both with the help of and for Monstrous Regiment, a feminist touring-the ater company. Vinegar Tom and glister Shining in Buckinghamshire (1976) use historic settings to discuss repression. These plays garnered Churchill such(prenominal) tutelage and critical praise. In 1979, Churchills bribe Nine had its first production. This was her first big hit, and had a long run on both sides of the Atlantic. The Obie Award-winning play was set in the Victorian era, with the procedures played by their animal(prenominal) opposites. For example, a man played an unhappy and unfulfilled wife.Critics enthusiastically p raised(a) Churchills originality. Churchill followed this success with Top Girls (1982), a play about feminism and the hurt of success for women. though some did not regard it as highly as Cloud Nine, the play cemented her reputation and won her another Obie. Churchill wrote plays on a commixture of topics throughout the eighties and 1990s. Fen (1983), which focused on female d closely farmers, won her the Susan Smith Blackburn Prize. In 1986, she wrote Serious Money about the London stock exchange. Churchill used music and dialogue that rhymed in the play, which also won the Blackburn Prize and many other awards.She continued to experiment with technique in Mad Forest (1990) and The Skriker (1994), which incorporated music and dance. though Churchills proceeds decreased in the late 1990s, she continues to push the limits of traditional dramatic forms development dance and music, and other unexpected constructions. Characters Angie Angie is the sixteen-year-old adopted daughter of Joyce. Angie is the biological daughter of Marlene, but was given up by her birth mother, who was only 17 at the time and had charge ambitions. In act 1 of Top Girls, Angie realizes that Marlene is her mother, though she has not been told straight.Both Marlene and Joyce do not think highly of Angie and believe her future is limited. She has already left high school with no qualifications. She was in remedial conformationes, and her best f riend is Kit, who is four years young. Angie is frustrated and wants to death penalty her mother. Instead, she runs a commission to visit her aunt in London and hopes to live with her. Previously, Angie tricked Marlene into tour her and Joyce. Angie is Marlenes embarrassment, but she is also one of the things that links her to the women at the dinner party. Isabella Bird Isabella is one of Marlenes dinner party guests in act 1, scene 1.She is a Scottish woman who lived in the late nineteenth and early ordinal centuries and who traveled extensively later in look. In Top Girls, Isabella is the first to arrive at the party and dominates the conversation in a egocentric manner. She talks on and on about her travels her complex relationship with her sister, Hennie her clergyman father, and husband her illnesses religion and her lack of children. While Isabella does listen and respond to the others, she more(prenominal) often than not tries to figure out her own brio and what it meant. She could never be as good as her sister, but her adventures make Biography 5 er happy. Isabella is one of the characters who helps Marlene define herself. Dull Gret Dull Gret is one of Marlene s dinner guests in act 1, scene 1, and the ternary to arrive. Gret is the subject of a painting by Brueghel entitled Dulle Griet. In the painting, she wears an apron and armor and leads a group of women into hell to conflict with devils. Gret is generally quiet through most of the dinner, reply questions only when without delay asked and making a few comments on the side. near(a) the end of the scene, Gret makes a linguistic communication about her trip to hell and the fight with the devils.the likes of all the dinner guests, Grets story reflects something about Marlenes life. Jeanine Marlene interviews Jeanine for organisation by Top Girls in act 1. She is engaged and is saving money to get married. Marlene is not supportive of Jeanines ambitions to work in advertising or in a job that might stool some travel, but she categorizes her concord to what Marlene believes she will be able to accomplish. pope Joan pontiff Joan is one of Marlenes dinner party guests in act 1, scene 1, and the fourth to arrive. She is a woman from the ninth century who allegedly served as the pope from 854 to 856.Pope Joan is somewhat aloof, making relevant, keen declarations throughout the conversation. When the topic turns to religion, she cannot help but dit out heresiesherself includethough she does not attempt to convert the others to her religion. Joan reveals some of her life. She began dressing as a boy at age twelve so she could continue to study she lived the rest of her life as a man, though she had male lovers. Joan was eventually elected pope. She became pregnant by her chamberlain lover and delivered her bollix during a papal procession. For this, Joan was stoned to death.At the end of the scene, Joan recites a passage in Latin. Like all the dinner guests, J oans life and attitude reflects something about Marlene. Joyce Joyce is Marlenes elder sister and mother to Angie. Unlike her younger sister, Joyce stayed in the corresponding area and affectionate class she grew up in. Joyce is unambitious and unhappy. She was married to Frank, but she told him to leave three years previously because he was having affairs with other women. She supports herself and Angie by cleanup spot houses. Because Joyce seemed to be unable to ca-ca children, she adopted Angie as an infant when Marlene stubborn to give her up.But Joyce soon got pregnant and miscarried the child because of the demands of raising Angie. Joyce resents both Angie and Marlene, in part because of her miscarriage. She calls Angie a lump and useless. Marlene is too ambitious and clever for Joyce. until now Joyce has pride. She will not take Marlenes money, and she does not cater to her crying. Joyce maintains her working class loyalty and stands her ground when Marlene starts to sing the praises of Margaret Thatcher. Despite such differences, Marlene and Joyce are very lots alike.They both believe they are right and do what they must to survive in their different worlds. Mrs. Kidd Mrs. Kidd is the wife of Howard, the man who got passed over in favor of Marlene for the managing director coiffe at Top Girls. In act 2, Mrs. Kidd comes to the office and tries to get Marlene to turn down the position. Mrs. Kidd hopes Marlene will get word how much it would hurt Howards pride and livelihood. Marlene is not impressed by her pleas, and Mrs. Kidd leaves subsequently diss Marlene for being a problematic, working woman. Kit Kit is the twelve-year-old best friend of Angie.Unlike Angie, Kit is clever and plans on being a nuclear Characters 6 physicist. The girls have been friends for years, though Kit gets annoyed by Angies limitations. In some ways, Kit is a younger version of Marlene. Louise Louise is interviewed by Win for placement by Top Girls in act 2. Louise is a forty-six-year-old woman stuck in middle management who believes she has been overlooked for promotion and underappreciated by her present firm. Win is not particularly supportive of Louises desires to use her experience elsewhere and does not offer much hope for a better position.Like Marlene, Win categorizes Louise according to what she believes Louise will be able to accomplish. Marlene Marlene is the central character in Top Girls. She is a successful businesswoman who has recently been promoted to managing director of Top Girls, an employment agency. To keep an eye on, she has a dinner party at a restaurant with five guests, all of whom are women who are either dead or fictional characters from literature and paintings. Marlenes own life carry ons some parallels with these women. Marlenes adult life has been focused on her career, to the exclusion of nearly everything else.She previously worked in the United States and has done well for herself. Marlene has little to no contact with her family. Her alcoholic father is dead, and her long-suffering mother is in some sort of home. Marlene does not get along with her sister Joyce, who has remained part of the working class and lives in the same neighborhood where they grew up. Marlene let Joyce raise her daughter, Angie. Marlene became pregnant at age seventeen, and because the past-married Joyce did not have a child, she allowed her to adopt the baby. Marlene has as little respect and have-to doe with in Angie as Joyce does.Like the women she interviews at Top Girls, Marlene believes Angies future is limited. Yet Marlenes own life is precisely as circumscribed, but in different ways. Her success has come at a high price, costing her both her empathy and her relationships. Nell Nell is one of the employees at the Top Girls employment agency. She is happy that Marlene got the promotion over Howard, but she has her own career ambitions and might want to find a job with better prospects. In the meanti me, her boyfriend, Derek, has asked her to marry him, but she does not know if she will accept.Her career seems more important to her than the union. During the play, Nell conducts an interview with Shona, whom Nell believes might be good for Top Girls. Nell is foiled to learn that Shona has lied about everything on her application. Lady Nijo Lady Nijo is one of Marlenes dinner party guests in act 1, scene 1, and the scrap to arrive. She is a thirteenth-century Japanese courtesan to the emperor moth of Japan. She later became a Buddhist monk. Like Isabella, Nijo is somewhat self-absorbed, though not to the same degree.Nijo tells the others about her life, including information about her father, her lovers, her four children (only one of whom she ever dictum), symbolic clothing, and her time as a traveling monk. But she also listens respectfully to the stories of others and acknowledges her limitations. Nijo liked her silk clothing and idle life with the Emperor. By the end of t he scene, Nijo is in tears. Like all the dinner guests, Nijos life reflects something about Marlenes. Patient Griselda Patient Griselda is one of Marlenes dinner guests in act 1, scene 1, and the last to arrive.She is a fictional character, appearing in The Clerks Tale in Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales, among other stories. As soon as she arrives, Marlene has Griselda tell her story. Griselda was a peasant girl who was asked to marry a local prince, but only if she would obey him without question. She agreed and bore him two children who were taken away(p) from her while they were still infants. She did not question the decision. Her Characters 7 husband sent Griselda back home with nothing more than a slip to wear. She went without question.He sent for her to help him plan his arcsecond jointure to a young french girl. Griselda came back. At a pre-wedding feast, he revealed that the girl and her page/brother were their children and all these incidents were tests of her loyalty. Like all the dinner guests, Griseldas story reflects an aspect of Marlenes life. Shona Shona is interviewed by Nell for placement by the Top Girls agency in the second act. Shona tries to pass herself off as a twenty-nine-year-old woman with sales experience, which Nell believes at first.As the interview progresses, it becomes clear that Shona has been making up a story. She is rightfully twenty-one and has no job experience. Shona is certain that she could handle high-profile jobs, but Nell does not believe her. Win Win is one of the employees at the Top Girls employment agency. Like Nell, she is glad that Marlene got the promotion over Howard, but she has her own career ambitions and might move on. She is relatively well educated and has previously lived in several(prenominal) different countries. Win spent the previous weekend with her married boyfriend at his house, while his wife was out of town.During the course of the play, Win interviews Louise for a job she share s Marlenes cauterize attitude toward Louise. Themes Choices and Consequences Nearly every character in Top Girls has do or is in the process of making life-changing decisions with important consequences. The dinner party in act 1, scene 1 exemplifies this. for each one of the historical figures has made a hard choice. For example, Pope Joan chose to live like a boy, and then a man, in public. When she became pregnant by her secret lover, the stoning death of her and her baby were consequences of her chosen life.Joyce chose to adopt Angie, which led to a certain life path. Joyce believes that she miscarried her own child because of the demands of raising Angie. Marlene also made several hard choices. She became a career woman who spent some time working in the States. Marlene is estranged from her family, including her biological daughter, Angie, and does not seem to have many close friends, female or male. Her dinner party in rejoicing of her promotion bes of women who are dead or do not rightfully exist, not with friends or family. She has no love relationship.Marlene is very much exclusively because of her life choices. While her daughter Angie has already made two life choicesdropping out of school at the age of sixteen with no qualifications, and running away to London to live with her aunt/motherthe consequences of these processs in her life are unclear. Success and Failure Success is an important part of Marlenes life in Top Girls, defining who she is and whose company she enjoys. The dinner party is meant to celebrate her promotion to managing director as well as the successes of her guests. Joan became the pope. Isabella traveled the world.Gret fought the devils in hell. Griselda survived her husbands extraordinary tests of loyalty. Marlene sees these women as successful, though they are not in her real, everyday life. Marlenes personal life is a failure because of her success in business. She has no real friends in the play, and she has not se en her sister or biological daughter in seven years. At the dinner party, she moans at one point, Oh God, why are we all so miserable? Yet, Marlene believes that Joyce is mostly a failure because she did not grow beyond her neighborhood instead, she got married and raised a child.Joyce cleans houses for a living, and she is not impressed by Marlenes life. Joyce does not authentically see her world in the same terms of success or failure. She does what is necessary to survive and to rear Angie. However, both sisters agree that Angie has no vista of being a success in life. Angie has no education, no ambition, and is regarded as dumb. The best she might do is Themes 8 menial work and marry. While this describes Joyces life, both Joyce and Marlene perceive that Angie might not be able to take care of herself. This would be the ultimate failure in their eyes. They agree that one should support oneself.Class Conflict Marlene and Joyces differing definitions of success stem in part fro m a class conflict. Marlene has moved beyond her blue-collar roots to a bourgeoisie life by education and persistence. She holds a management position in a demanding field, an employment agency. She even lived and worked in the United States for several years. Marlene supports the policy-making agenda of Great Britains female prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, even though she is sensed as anti-working class. Joyce remains firmly working class, leading a life only slightly better than her parents.She works as a cleaning lady to support Angie. Unlike Joyce and Marlenes mother, who stayed with her alcoholic husband and had nothing, Joyce told her husband to leave when she could no longer take his controlling nature and numerous affairs. Joyce regards Thatcher as evil, comparing her to Adolf Hitler for her attitudes towards working-class people. Joyce believes that Marlene thinks she is too good for her. Marlene says she does not like working-class people, but she does not really in clude her sister as one of them. The pair never come to an understanding on class.Sex Roles and Sexism Throughout the text edition of Top Girls is an inherent discussion of what society expects women to be. Each of the guests at the dinner party defines womanhood in a particular era, either by what they are or by what they are not. Isabella, for example, could not live up to the standards of femininity defined by her sister, Hennie. Yet Isabella was a traveler who saw more of the world than most men. Marlene also breaks out of the traditional roles for women, by virtue of her career. While Marlene has benefited economically from her career, her disregard for sex roles has its problems.She is not married, and it does not seem like she is in a long-term relationship. Joyce does not really like her. Mrs. Kidd, the wife of the man who was passed over for the promotion that Marlene got, begs her to not take it. Mrs. Kidd believes that the upset Howard should not have to work for a woma n. Further, Mrs. Kidd hopes that Marlene will give up the promotion because Howard has to support his family. Mrs. Kidd calls Marlene unnatural for her uncompromising stand on the promotion and her attachment to her job. Marlene does not give in, but such sexism does not make her life and choices any easier.Style Setting Top Girls is a feminist drama/fantasy set in contemporary generation. The action is enwrapped to two places in England, London and Suffolk. The realistic action takes place in two settings. One is the Top Girls employment agency, where Marlene works. There, potential clients are interviewed, and Angie shows up, hoping to stay with Marlene. The other is Joyces home and backyard, where Marlene visits and Angie and Kit scheme. The fantasy dinner party that opens Top Girls also takes place in London. (In many productions, the restaurant is called La stellar(prenominal) Donna. though the dinner is clearly a fantasy because all the guests are dead or fictional, the set ting is very real. Fantasy versus Reality In act 1, scene 1, Marlene hosts a dinner party with guests both long dead (Pope Joan, Lady Nijo, and Isabella Bird) and fictional (Dull Gret and Patient Griselda). While Marlene listens to and guides the conversationinjecting only bits about herselfthese five women share their stories. The party is ostensibly to celebrate Marlenes promotion at work, but she intends it to be a celebration of all their successes. Though Style 9 hese women have each achieved something they are proud of, success has come at a large price in their lives. The dinner party itself shows the tensions between fantasy and reality because the guests are not real to the rest of the characters in Top Girls, only to Marlene. Yet the ideas and problems brought up by the fantasy women are very real. These issues echo in the plot and dialogue of the rest of the text, adding another dimension to the tension between fantasy and reality. while Top Girls is not a linear play, b ut one in which time is used in an unusual fashion. The last scene of the lay, act 2, scene 2, is the only part that takes place at a precise time in the story, about a year earlier than the other events. This flashback ties up some of the loose ends created by the story. The rest of the scenes, even the action within act 2, scene 1, do not have to take place in the order presented, though all are set in the present. The events are linked thematically, but not by a specific sequence of time. In addition, the idea of time is toyed with at the dinner party in act 1, scene 1. None of the guests can really exist at the same time, up to now they share many of the same concerns.Multiple Casting Often when Top Girls is performedincluding its premieres in England and the United States several split are played by the same actresses. Only the actress who plays Marlene, the central character in the play, has only one role. Thus guests at the dinner party are played by actresses who also pl ay contemporary characters. such(prenominal) mold decisions create visual links between seemingly different women. In the original production, for example, the same actress played Dull Gret and Angie, implying that these characters might have something in common.Similarly, another actress took on the roles of Pope Joan and Louise, drawing another parallel. This casting technique further emphasizes how alike the concerns of the historical characters and contemporary characters really are. Historical Context In the early 1980s, Great Britain was ruled by women. Though Queen Elizabeth II was only a royal figurehead, real political power was held by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. A member of the hidebound Party, Thatcher had been elected on May 3, 1979, and proceeded to put her own stamp on British life over the next decade or so.She was reelected in 1983 and 1987, and held office until late 1990, when she received a vote of no office and was replaced by fellow Conservative John M ajor. Thatcher had been the longest-serving prime minister in Great Britain since the nineteenth century. To improve the British economy, Thatcher dismantled the amicableist practices that were put in place in the post-World warfare II era. She privatized major industries, like coal mining and telecommunications, which had been run by the British government, and she cut down on the power of trade unions.Because Thatchers revolution benefited the middle- and upper-classes and seemed to hurt the working- and lower-classes, she was very unpopular among the latter groups. Unemployment continued to rise, and by 1982, over three and a quarter million people were unemployed. With cuts in both welfare and other social programs, such peoples lives were becoming much harder. Though the economy was strong and avocation rates and inflation were down, real living standards had been falling slightly for several years international trade was also down. In 1982, Thatcher and the Conservative par ty had some popularity problems among the general population.National morale was not particularly high until the Falklands War broke out. The Falkland Islands were a British possession in the Atlantic naval off the coast of Argentina. The group of islands are small and only about 1,800 people were living there. The territory was at the marrow of a enmity between Argentina and Great Britain for a number of years, and the two countries were in negotiations over them. In the spring of 1982, Argentina became impatient and invaded the Falklands. Great Britain responded and reclaimed the islands before Argentina quickly surrendered.Though there were approximately 243 British casualties, the conquest Historical Context 10 improved national morale and the think about of Thatcher and the Conservatives. The popularity of the Labour party went down. Thatcher was but one symbol in the 1980s of powerful women. There was a concrete change in the position of working women. In Great Britain i n the early 1980s, women made up forty percent of the labor force, and over sixty percent of women aged twenty to sixty-four were working. Marriage rates fell in the 1980s, after having remained stable for many years.Before that decade nearly every adult woman was married at some point. Those that did marry gave up working after having a child, although sometimes they went back to work after their children went to school or reached adulthood. some women who worked were employed in poorly paid white-collar, service, and industrial occupations. virtually seventy-five percent of women did personal services work, clerical work, retail work, or health, education, or welfare work. The number of professional women was still small, but more women were becoming lawyers than ever before.These professional women often had gibe pay for equal work, but working-class women did not. Despite the success of Thatcher, many British women were anti-Conservative, though they did not necessarily suppo rt Labour either. To these women, Thatcher whitethorn have shared their gender, but her political prominence did not necessarily make her their heroine. scathing Overview Most critics agree that Top Girls is an intricate play generally, they find much to praise in its themes, attitudes, and text. The plays depiction of women and feminism is particularly interest to critics.Writing about the original London production, Bryan Robertson of The Spectator argued, her play is brilliantly conceived with considerable wit to illuminate the underlying deep human seriousness of her theme. The play is feminist, all right, but it is an entertaining, sometimes painful and often funny play and not a mere tract. Expanding on this idea, Benedict Nightingale of the radical national leader wrote, What use is female emancipation, Churchill asks, if it transforms the clever women into predators and does nothing for the stupid, weak and helpless?Does freedom, and feminism, consist of aggressively ado pting the very values that have for centuries oppressed your sex? A scene from the 1991 production of Top Girls at Londons Royal Court Theatre Writing about the same production, John Russell Taylor of Plays & Players is one of several critics over the years who believed that the rest of Top Girls did not live up to the yell of the dinner party scene. He found the play disjointed, arguing that the pieces in the puzzle remain determinedly separate, never quite adding up to more than, well, so many fascinating pieces in a fascinating puzzle. Critical Overview 11 When Top Girls opened in the United States a shortly time later, a few critics were dismissive of the play and Churchills potential pull to American audiences. Calling the play confused, Douglas Watt of the Daily News proclaimed, Churchill can write touchingly and with a good ear for everyday speech about middle-class Londoners today. But while concern for ugly ducklings may be general Top Girls is a genre piece apt(pred icate) to arouse even less interest here than Alan Ayckbourns equally tricky, but infinitely more amusing, works about the English middle class. Edith Oliver of the New Yorker was perplexed by certain aspects of the play. She wrote Top Girls is witty and original, with considerable dramatized feeling, yet somehow never got to me, and I was never certain whether she was making one point with the whole play or a lot of points in its separate segments. later on in her review, Oliver emphasized that despite my admiration of Miss Churchills ingenuity, I was disappointed and at times puzzlednever quite certain, for example, whether the historical characters of the first scene were meant to be the prototypes of modern characters. A majority of American critics commented on the uniqueness of certain aspects of Top Girls, but they were most pertain with its feminist theme and social meanings. For example, John Beaufort of the Christian Science varan called Top Girls a theatrical oddity in which the long view of what has been happening to womankinds top girls combines with a sharp look at contemporary women achievers and a compassionate glance at the plight of an underclass underperformer who will never know the meaning of room at the top. aside from one cheap shock effect, Miss Churchill has written a careful and imaginative theater piece. Along similar lines, T. E. Kalem of Time asks in his review, Is the future to be divided between a smart, scrambling upper class of no-holds-barred individualists and a permanent underclass of poor souls who are unfit for the survival of the fittest? An obscure reviewer in Variety added, If its about male manipulation, Top Girls also pointedly involves the conditioned mentality of the sisterhood itself, with its inherited sense of role in a masculine or at least male-dominated world. The play seems to be saying that women historically have had themselves as well as sexist pigs for enemies. John Simon of New York believes th e ideas in Top Girls have universal applicability. This is not easy theater, but funny, fiercely serious, and greatly worth view about. Its aporias insoluble contradictions are not only pertinent to women, they also concern the entire, unceasingly incomplete, human condition. Top Girls has continued to be performed regularly over the years. Most critics believe the play has withstood the test of time, despite specific references to British prime minster Margaret Thatcher and attitudes specific to the early 1980s.Of a 1991 revival in London, Paul Taylor in The Independent argued, What continues to distinguish Top Girls is its cool, objective manner. The scenes in the job agency are almost too cleverly efficient in the way they expose the heartlessness the women have had to assume along with their crisp power-outfits. Churchill permits you to disclose with the tricky plight of these characters but she does not ask you to like them. Similarly, Alastair Macaulay of the monetary Ti mes believes, Both as theatre and as politics, Top Girls is arouse and irritating.The dialectic of its final scene, between the Thatcherite Marlene and her socialist sister Joyce rings aline as you listen. The terms in which the sisters argue about Thatcherite politics have not dated. Essays and Criticism The Importance of Angie in Top Girls Many critics who have commented on Caryl Churchills Top Girls have focused their praise on the interesting characters and complexities of the scene that opens the play, act 1, scene 1s dinner party. The party is hosted by Top Girls central character, Marlene, and is attended by five guests, all obscure figures from history, literature, and art.Ostensibly, the party is to celebrate the success of Marlene, who has recently been Essays and Criticism 12 promoted to managing director of Top Girls employment agency. The scene also defines many of the plays themes and dramatic tensions. There are a number of critics who share the opinion of Lianne S tevens of the Los Angeles Times. Reviewing a 1986 production of Top Girls in San Diego, California, Stevens writes, outstanding performances cannot rectify the main defect in Churchills play Nothing that comes after is as interesting as having dinner with Pope Joan, Dull Gret, Lady Nijo, Patient Griselda and Isabella Bird. There are, in fact, several aspects of the rest of Top Girls that are as interesting, mostly because of what has been laid out in the dinner party scene. One is the character of Angie, Marlenes sixteen-year-old daughter, whom she allowed her sister Joyce to adopt at birth. Angie plays as pivotal a role in the play as any of the dinner party guests. While there is no discredit that Marlene is at the center of Top Girls, and that her character presents hard and conflicted ideas about women, success, power, and employment in the early 1980s, Angie and the dinner guests help to define Marlene as much as Marlenes own actions and comments do.However, the dinner guest s were chosen by Marlene, while Angie was an calamity Marlene has chosen to have very little contact with and is dismissive of. Each of the dinner guests is an adult woman, though they are fantastic characters who do not really exist in the modern world inhabited by Marlene and the rest of the characters in the play. Marlene turns to them, not to any of the real people envisioned in the play, when she wants to celebrate her promotion. While the guests are successful in their own, though not always obvious, ways, their success has come at a price.Lady Nijo suffered many degradations including not being allowed to raise her own children. Marlene is deeply troubled by the story of Patient Griselda, who was humiliated by her husband as a test of her loyalty to him, mostly because she was of a lower class. To get an education, Pope Joan led a life of deception as a male. Though she later became pope, it was her womanhoodher ability to get pregnant and give birth to a child at an inoppo rtune momentthat led to the reach which ended her life. Marlenes choice of guests reveals much about her.First, she does not have anyone in her real life to share her promotion with, suggesting an alienation from real women. Second, the button of her child still weighs on her, either in her conscious, subconscious, or both. Lady Nijo, Pope Joan, and Patient Griselda all suffer the loss of children. Only Joan is rather indifferent to the death of her infant. Marlene inquires about Dull Gret s children, clearly expressing her interest in the subject. Marlenes question after the one to Gret is rhetorical Oh God, why are we all so miserable? There is a link between unhappiness and the idea of children and loss. Third, Marlene has no real interest in her own daughter, Angie, though they have more in common than Marlene does with her chosen guests. To understand the importance of Angie, Marlenes character must be better understood. Marlene grew up in an unstable home. Her father worked in the fields, and had a problem with alcohol. Her mother suffered at the hands of her husband, often going hungry and being beaten. Her sister Joyce was older, and did not share either Marlenes take aim to escape or her science.Despite her background, Marlene managed to create a good life for herself by working hard and apparently getting a decent education. She even lived in the United States for several years. The only flaw, the only thing that could have held her back, was when Marlene got pregnant at the age of seventeen. The spatial relation was stressful, and Marlene was in denial for part of the pregnancy. Rather than allow Marlene to give the baby up to strangers, Joyce insisted on adopting Angie, in part because she had no children of her own.This is a long-standing point of contention between the sisters, though Joyce makes it clear that she would not have sanctioned of any choice Marlene made in the situation miss to have had an abortion early on or raise the child herself and not have tried to have a better life. Angie and related petit larceny jealousies are at the heart of their conflict and thus at the center of Top Girls. Yet, Angie is a reviled character. evenryone around Angie dismisses her and believes she has no future. Joyce, her adopted mother, calls her a big lump. She believes Angie will have a hard time getting a job and her best bet in life is to get married, though she cannot imagine who would marry her. Joyce does admit at one point, Shes clever in her own way. Labeling her thick, Marlene, Angies birth mother, tells one of The Importance of Angie in Top Girls 13 her coworkers, Shes not going to make it. She believes Angies future career will be as a Packer in Tesco, nothing as well-mannered as working at the employment agency run by Marlene. Kit, her only friend and a twelve-year-old, says to Angie at one point, Stupid fing cow, I hate you. She later tells Angie that she is not sure she even likes her. Kit amends that att itude by telling Joyce I love Angie. The way those around Angie talk about her, it seems like she is useless and incompetent. Joyce especially seems to invent this idea home directly to Angie. Angie is definitely immature. She talks about being able to move objects with her thoughts, hearing a long-dead kitten in the backyard, and has only one friend, Kit, who is four years younger than her. She has ended her education in remedial classes at the age of sixteen.Yet Angie accomplishes much over the course of Top Girls, more than expected considering how she is talked about. Angie has her own equivalent of the dinner party in act 1, scene 3. She and Kit hide in a shelter that they probably made in Joyces backyard. Kit, however, is a real person, unlike the empty guests at Marlenes. Angie and Kit have a real, if tense, friendship. They make tentative plans to go to the movies. Angie expresses her frustrations to Kit, saying she wants to kill her mother. She tells Kit about her secret , that she believes Marlene is her mother.Angie also says that she will go to London to see her aunt. Kit does not really believe her, though, underscoring that Angie is constantly underestimated by those around her. Another success of Angies is going to London from Suffolk on the bus, and finding her way to Marlenes work place in act 2, scene 1. Joyce and Kit do not think Angie could do such a thing on her own. But Angie wants to escape her life with Joyce and become a success. To that end, she goes to her aunt/mother and hopes to stay with her. Angie has the gumption to ask her aunt for help.She will even sleep on the floor of Marlenes home to have this different, better life, like her aunt/mother. It also creates a situation where Marlene gets her child back, a key point brought up in the dinner party. Angie wants to be with Marlene, to be Marlene, and does what she can to make that happen. Angie wants to be a top girl. Angies first success, though the last in the play since it t akes place in act 2, scene 2, is getting Marlene to visit her in the first place. The last scene takes place a year before the rest of the Top Girls.Angie lied to Marlene to get her to visit her and Joyce in Suffolk. She has not seen her aunt/mother since her ninth birthday party. Angie knows that Marlene has had good jobs and has lived in America, and she admires her tremendously. Angie appreciates that Marlene has flee their neighborhood and become successful, just as Marlene admired that about her fantasy dinner guests. Angie may not have the education or the intelligence that Marlene has, but she wants to do something like what Marlene has done. In this scene, Marlene reveals the key to her success. She proclaims, Im not clever, just pushy. Angie has shown that she can be pushy as well over the course of the play, implying that she might have a better future than anyone imagined. In writing about a 1998 production of Top Girls in Los Angeles, California, Don Shirley of the Los Angeles Times argues, Churchill painted a stark picture of Margaret Thatchers Britain as a place where women could end up in either a cushy but heartless career or a dispirited life in domestic servitude. This may sound broadly feminist, but the play finally emerges as a more specific attack on Thatcherite insensitivities towards the girls who rent on top. Shirley includes Angie as one who is not on top, but does not see that she could be. Angie is a youngerperhaps dumber but no less ambitiousMarlene. Source Annette Petrusso, in an essay for Drama for Students, Gale Group, 2001. womens rightist Drama The Politics of the Self Churchill and Keatley Caryl Churchills Top Girls (1983) and Charlotte Keatleys My vex Said I Never Should (1987) are plays with an all women cast. Men, though present in the stories, are absent from the stage. They occupy emotional topographic point but not physical spot.At the very outset there is a defining of space, a population of a feminist world. F eminist Drama The Politics of the Self Churchill and Keatley 14 Keatley deliberately kept the men offstage to provide a space for the women to move among themselves, to show the way women use language, silence and subtext when alone in concert Churchill apparently does it for the resolves of sharing, for as Adrienne Rich has pointed out that unless women are prepared to share their private and sometimes painful personal experience it may not be possible to create a collective description of what is genuinely a womans world.In both plays women from different generations and backgrounds meet unitedly to share and to interact but with two major differences. Keatleys characters in the child-scenes are child characters and pay the same lineage whereas Churchills characters represent several centuries, from the ninth to the present and have altogether different backgrounds.The moment women are placed centre-stage they begin to interact and introspect, to analyze and to criticize they cease to look at themselves through the male gaze, instead they begin to problematize their conflicts and the involuntary processes of their bodies. By defining space in female terms, women are transformed from objects into subjects and their passive acceptance of gendered roles is turned into an analysis of socially imposed codes of behaviour. Plays by women need not be feminist, just as plays about women are not always so.But plays which concern themselves with women as subjects and explore their emotional realities acquire a feminist perspective. The sixties and the mid-seventies witnessed the rise of womens theatre groups and collectives and a consciousness about womens roles. This was the beginning of a feminist theatre with, as already stated, overtly political aims. Women through exploring and talking about their experiences opened out their role confines, created female traditions and entered areas as yet forbidden to them.Several all-women plays were also written. Megan Terrys Calm Down, Mother (1965) was a transformation example for women and hailed by Helene Keyssar as the first real feminist play, while her later Babes in the Bighouse (1974) was about women prisoners and closed spaces where violence became a natural inhabitant. eventide Merriam s Out of Our Fathers House (1975) was a projection of the struggles of exceptional women, while Wendy Wassersteins Uncommon Women and Others (1977) examined the role conflicts in a lighter vein.Maria Irene Forness Fefu and Her Friends (1977) is located in the thirties and is a powerful statement about the violence implicit in heterosexual relationships it is as Schuler has pointed out impossible to ignore that limpid critique of patriarchy (226) present in the play. Marsha Normans night, Mother, coming out the same year as Top Girls (1983), is a tense kitchen drama about a mother and a daughter with the daughter at the end committing suicide behind a locked door. Plays with an all-women cast make a sp ecific statement even before they put this female space to different and individual use.They discard supportive roles for women and provide them with the freedom to relate directly to each other rather than through sons and husbands, Language, space and the body are loci for the woman playwright to dramatically challenge the images of women determined in overabundant discourse (Hart), Memory, history, the past are evoked for different reasons. Time too becomes an important factor, often being projected non-chronologically. Both Top Girls and My Mother create hypothetical situations which are historically not possible but are rendered so spatially and proceed to become emotional questionings.Both are 3-act plays but while Churchill after an initial juxtaposition of the past and the present moves on, Keatley keeps on coming back to the childhood scene which is a joint of 1905, 1941, 1961 and 1979. Top Girls in the first act evokes the past, somewhat like Eve Merriams Out of Our Fath ers House where six women are presented together in a hypothetical conversation. They act out both for themselves and each other the stories of their lives. It is a journey into selfhood, and at each step they need reassurance from their own elves. They break down to the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, Caryl Churchill, however, builds on a wider canvas and the dramatic purpose of the bringing together of six women from different backgrounds and periods is very different. The first act of Top Girls is in the nature of a prologue where Marlene, a top executive director in an employment agency is hosting a dinner for five other women, three of whom are from the Feminist Drama The Politics of the Self Churchill and Keatley 15 pages of history, and two from the world of male imagination.Pope Joan, a ninth century Pope who achieved this through cross-gendering, Lady Nijo an emperors concubine and later a Buddhist nun, and Isabella Bird, a nineteenth century explorer are the three real w omen. Dull Gret, a woman from Breughels 16th century painting and Patient Griselda from the pages of Petrarch, Boccaccio and Chaucer are the two others (Note the words dull and patient). Each one of themexcept Griseldahas in some way violated the social code as imposed upon them. Joan learnt Latin, ran away from home disguised as a boy and later became a pope.But yielding to passion, she conceives and is detected during childbirth. Male priests have fathered children, but she has never learnt to understand or live with her body, thus alienated from this most fundamental space she might own, she pays for it with death. Lady Nijo on the other hand accepts the code but renders it hollow by creating space for herself. Handed over to the Emperor as his concubine, she takes lovers to fulfill her emotional needs. Out of favour with the Emperor she takes holy orders as directed by her father, but instead of being confined in a convent, she walks the breadth and length of Japan.But she does this at the price of gestation. Isabella Bird also has to sacrifice marriage and family life in appear of adventure. Because she is a woman, she finds it difficult to accept the idea of living for herself alone and hence occupies herself with good causes. As contrasted with these women from real life, who have individually made space for themselves, questioned patriarchal structures like religion, ownership, love and motherhood, the two women from the world of imagination are limited in their projections.Griseldas life reads like a fairytalea peasant woman married into the aristocracy, and children whom she had given up for dead restored to her later. The price of her marriage is unquestioning obedience to her husbands command which is first the taking away of her son and her daughter and later being turned out of her house. Griselda does not question her husbands right over her, nor does she resist his orders. Her case, like Nijos, is one where motherhood has been reduced to an i nstitution under male control (Rich). Dull Gret is also single minded like Griselda. If for Griselda it is surrender, for Gret it is anger.These five women have got together to celebrate Marlenes success and as they share experiences they question patriarchal structures either directly like Joan and Isabelle, or obliquely like Nijo, or silently through victimization like Griselda. Travel is a major theme for Joan, Nijo and Isabella. They travel in their different dresses, Joan in her papal robes, Nijo in her silkgowns and later her nuns habit, and Isabella in her full blue trousers and great brass spurs. (Dress also specifies space. Masculine dress does not constrain the womens private space, though, in the long run, there is no social recognition of that space. Travel opens out new worlds and spaces. Their coming together in the first act provides a dramatic genealogy of Marlenes historical community (Keyssar). The second act is the in-between act with 3 scenes. The first and the t hird are located in Marlenes office, the second in Joyce, her sisters, backyard. The office scenes have two interviews inbuilt into them, one with Jeanine and the other with Louise, Marlenes two clients a competitive scene between Nell and Win and Marlenes interactions with Angie and with Mrs. Kidd.The themes of these two scenes are a replay of the themes introduced in Act OneJeanine who is torn between marriage and a career, Louise who at the end of twenty years finds herself sidetracked by younger men, Nell and Win who wish to go places both literally and figuratively but Marlene has occupied the place at the top and Mrs. Kidd who has come to plead for her husband who has been superseded by Marlene. Mrs. Kidd tells Marlene Whats it going to do to him working for a woman? I think if it was a man hed get over it as something normal. Its me that bears the brunt. I put him first every inch of the way. It had crossed my mind if you were out of stock(predicate) after all for some rea son, he would be the natural second choice I think, dont you? (58-59) In her view Marlene is abnormal in her use to be at the top and shell end up lonely and miserable. Feminist Drama The Politics of the Self Churchill and Keatley 16 The backdrop of the office room is confined and provides limited space where competition and aggression and violation of territorial rights go hand in hand.The middle scene sandwiched between these two office scenes is in a backyard in a shelter made of junk by children. It is a hiding place, away from the taboos and restrictions of the adult world. Kit and Angie talk about running away from home, they talk about travel, about the reality of their menstrual blood which flows from hidden spaces and their love-hate relationship to the adult world. Later Kit seeks shelter from rain within the precincts of her friends house while Angie herself is left outside with a feeling of rejection. The third act moves backwards in time. It takes place a year earlie r than the second act.It is a foeman scene between Marlene and her sister Joyce. They open out their past, the suppressed, sibling rivalry, Marlenes need to escape from her background, Joyces support, the birth of Marlenes daughter Angie, and her adoption by Joyce, Joyces miscarriage, and her separation from her husband Frank. Women sacrifice their motherhood for a career but at times they also have to sacrifice their marriage for their motherhood. Joyce is denied space within her marriage while Marlene is aware that men want her to turn into the little woman which she is not prepared to do.In all this it is Angie who feels confused and dispossessed. Keatleys play is also a three-act play with the first act having ten scenes and moving between 1905 and 1979. The second act is one uninterrupted scene located in 1982, and the third act is placed in 1987 diving back, towards the end, to 1923. There are five child-scenes spread over the playAct I sc. 1, sc. 3 and sc. 8, and Act III sc. 3 and sc. 6 which act like a federation of events, like a voice from the past, like an abandonment of the chronological process. The driving force of the play can be seen from the graph.The conjunction scene is shown as a circle with four different time streams flowing together. Covering four generations, it covers several