Study of management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Study of management - Essay ExampleHealth insurers dont need applicants to allow a genetic test. The oblige from Forbes magazine (2008) states that the former president George Bush signed the Genetic Information Non-discrimination Act (GINA) into law to anticipate discrimination of people who receive genetic test by their employers. Weiss (2008) states that the genetic discrimination has its consequences for example if an employer use genetic test to access the cost of insurance to an employee it would discourage the rest of the employees from seeking the test (P. 224). In reference to the article, management theory that is for or against the article is libertarian theory. This means if an employer or any other come to employee is for the theory they are against genetic discrimination. If they are against the theory, they support genetic discrimination.The article from Forbes magazine has taught me that it is unethical and punishable for an employer to discriminate potential em ployees based on their genetic characteristics for example, color of skin gender or impediment which does not affect the work performance. Employers too are to keep the confidential the medical information of their employees then they may find themselves on the risk of legal charges. The article teaches about practicing business ethically by not discriminating potential employees just because they are genetically disordered. Every employee should be giving an pertain chance to display their professionalism in an organization. The government has clearly stated that its illegal to judge the efficacy of someone using their genetic information. Moreover, the government also has banned the use of genetic testing to forswear both health insurance and employment opportunities. Health insurers might not need one to undergo a genetic test, but the customer can volunteer (Analytica, 2008).In conclusion, I aim to use what I have learnt in my practice, by not judging other employees accord ing to their genetic disorder, earlier than

Frankenstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Frankenstein - Essay ExampleThe brain that begs to be answered nowwith multiple narrators telling the story and with each narration being integrated into another(prenominal)s storyis which one is to be believed? Although the story remains the same when it comes to the main points of the story, only with variable emotions and perspectives, the credibility of the narrator is still in question as it leads to different feelings and judgments that the reader will contact after reading the story.In reading the story, I after part see that each of the main narratorsFrankenstein, Walton and the lusus naturaepresented some distinguish to validate the truth of their stories. The Monster presented his own set of proofs to Frankenstein, letters between Felix and Safie, stating to Frankenstein beforehand I depart I will give them to you they will prove the truth of my tale (Wollstonecraft 146). However, it laughingstock be refuted that the Monster may have scantily found these letters so mewhere and he just used them to tell a convincing tale of woe that will persuade Frankenstein to create a mate for him. Still, the fact that he has become so learned and eloquent in such a short timeas short a time as can be pass judgment of a newborn creature to learn the language and skills the creature has acquiredmay be construed as evidence enough of his tale. But then again, for a creature endowed with this innate intelligence, I believe it can also be said that he may have just fabricated everything and killed William with the cunning picture of making Frankenstein submit to his request in order to protect his other family members from the monster he has created.To expand the Monsters innate intelligence or cunning, when he began his story, he admitted the confusion he snarl upon being born into the world yet when he recounts the story of the first time he tangle hunger and thirst, he immediately foraged for berries and drank the water from the brook, which raises the q uestion of how he knew that berries are to be

Evaluation assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Evaluation - Assignment Example21 REFERENCES 23 APPENDIX 25 QUESTIONNAIRE 25 2.What is the direct of ease of navigation in the website http//www.cksp.com.hk/? 25 8.Is it easy to get information from the website http//www.cksp.com.hk/? 27 11.Is the website http//www.cksp.com.hk/ attractive? 27 EVALUATION ASSIGNMENT INTRODUCTION The analysis of usability of a website is of the greatest importance for the organization running. Nowadays, most of the clientele is conducted by websites across the world. So, the website plays a vital bulge in understanding the value offering of the organization. The website would be considered as a good, generally based on two factors. They are the degree of usability and the level of ocular appeal. There are a host of factors that affect the usability of the website ranging from the information about the architecture, the navigation facilities, the jargon, the kind of spoken communication being used in the design, the designing aspect of the forms of a user and the layout of the page. However, the usability may differ from term to time based on the pick outs of the business. The first part of the writing breakenced the need for a user centred approach in detail. The CBA (Cost Benefit Analysis) was done for the website, and the incorporation of an approach based on the user would designate larger revenues for the company. So, this research is dedicated towards the steps for integration of a user based approach in the development of the website of http//www.cksp.com.hk/, after winning the contract. The paper would be divided into a number of sections. The first part of the sections would be used for the specification of the usability goals. This would serve as the benchmark for evaluation of the website. These are the parameters, which would guide the eventual(prenominal) design of the website, by serving as the template. The next part of the paper would focus on the usability criteria by the application of questionnaires. Th e obtained data would help in the analysis by using the human factors which are of significance. The perish part of the paper would build a prototype for this application, which would take all the factors into consideration. The last part would present the recommendations for the website and the overall changes that have to be incorporated into the design for an increased interaction with the user. outline OF http//www.cksp.com.hk/ USER ANALYSIS AND THE PROFILING For the presentation of a complete kind of the usability in the logical manner, there is a need for the conduct of certain kinds of tests. These tests are necessary, because they play a part in the attainment of the usability

Reproposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reproposal - Essay ExampleOn March 17-2011, about 1000 Saudi-Arabian troops were deployed to Bahrain from Peninsula Shield Force for aiding the Bahraini authorities to get control of the local situation. This act was criticized and condemned by the Iranian authorities. The Irans criticism was highly opposed in the Saudi news papers by the Saudi officials. This news had trio perspectives engraved in it. One perspective is that of the Saudi government and Bahraini regime, the spot perspective is that of the protestors in Bahrain and third perspective is of the Iranian officials. This paper will seek to investigate that whether the mug media in Saudi Arabia was biased or not in covering this story or were the Saudi newspapers manipulated by the Saudi authorities for their own interest. It will be important to determine how puff up the three perspectives were covered by the Saudi newspapers to convey the truth to the people. Justification News provides us with information on every aspect of life, and can relate to individuals or entire nations of people. Thus, the legitimacy of news as well as the freedom of press and speech have always been the controversial and debatable issues, particularly in a country like Saudi Arabia, which is an important and influential Islamic state governed by a Monarchy regime. News coverage in an Islamic state goes with dissimilar filters, especially if related to terrorism, extremism or other(a) controversial topics. This compels the states to take extra measures in relation to how they want to portray their image in the media, both locally and externally. Thus, the media in Saudi Arabia does not enjoy the freedom of press, like any other country in the Middle East, mainly due to the government pressure. The news presented to the audience in these countries goes through a substantial amount of processing, screening and editing before being delivered. Eventually, the common people sometimes only acquire a limited amount of inf ormation based on the actual reality. disrespect the obstacles, journalists and reporters in Saudi Arabia strive to provide the unbiased truth to their audience. Their job is tough due to various factors and issues, notably the strict regulations and the scrutiny of mark media that influences the publishing and shaping of news in Saudi Arabia. In response to these regulations, most newspapers in Saudi Arabia have looked to acquire transparency and credibility with the help of international groups including CASTOR (Circulation Audit Steering Organisation). This is a joint venture of the GCC Advertisers Business Group, the IAA (International Advertising Association) and the Media Agencies Council, organise in the UAE in 2005 with the goal of promoting the adoption of circulation auditing so to increase transparency and credibility in the print media industry. Given all this information, it is clear that the dissertation topic offers a great deal of research and investigation of the news content on the Bahrain case as published in Saudi news papers. belles-lettres Review Saudi Intervention The military intervention by Saudi Arabia could crush the peaceful transit in Bahrain while regionalizing a domestic political struggle. It could also aggravate the sectarian conflict in Bahrain and also across the Gulf region. Saudi Arabia,

Minnisota V Riff Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Minnisota V Riff - Case Study ExampleThe defendant then left the livestock at to the highest degree 12.20 a.m. He discarded the quid in the side alley between Marquettes grocery store and Art Owns Hardware. There are witnesses to prove that he ran home and also when he discarded the currency bag and dropped $2 of the money. He used the money to purchase a guitar. There was a Canadian $5 bill purported to have been stolen from Marquettes Market. The defendant was arrested the day after by Officer Schield at 3.30 p.m. on the ground that he broken into, entered, and burglarized Marquettes Market.The Defenses case is that the defendant, Ronald Riff, won over $900.00 in a poker mettlesome between 8.30 p.m. and 12.00 a.m. of the night of the alleged burglary. There are witnesses to prove that Riff won a vast deal of money, including the Canadian five dollar bill found in Riffs person. Riff borrowed a burn cloth money bag from Reds Pleasure Palace to put his winnings into. He took t he hammer from grizzly Fenders to protect himself and his money. He never stopped by Marquettes Market, but he did toss away the hammer at the point as he ran home. Riff had no motive to steal from Marquettes Market as he had won enough to pay off his debts to Vibes and buy a new guitar.The criminal prosecution has proved that the defendant, Ronald Riff, is guilty of stealing $910 from Marquettes Market after breaking into the store. There is no doubt about Riffs involvement in the crime.

Annotated Bibliography-Terence Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Annotated Bibliography-Terence - Coursework causeIt is important on how the use of technology can restore the immemorial memory.Rajarshi C., Claire V., H., & Raghav R. (2013). Privacy preserving actions of older adults in social media Exploring the behavior of opting out of tuition sharing, Decision Support Systems, ISSN 0167-9236, 10.1016/j.dss.2013.01.004.The Elsevier science publishers publish the information. It provides that there is an emergence in the use of the social media by the elderly individuals. These persons, however, do find themselves sharing their private information unknowingly that should be avoided. It does provide for other studies as to how the materialisation generation and the old differ in sharing information. The literature review is broad and provide explanations for the use of other studies that enables understanding of the research easier. The methods of analytic thinking were limited to observations as to how the elderly shared information that w as common to other studies explained by the review. Though, it is unfortunate that elderly persons have to share private issues accidentally.Regec, M. (2011). Opening information technology to the senior population. Retrieved from http//www.lillonline.net/online/documents/publications/elill_publ/bratislava_opening_information_technology_to_senior_population.pdfThis is an article published from the pew research center. It observes that senior members have slow integration of technology compared to younger generation. Hence, the senior members who interact with the young embraces technology with ease. It offers further studies onto how the government can assist the older generation to benefit from the technology much(prenominal) socialization in the society. The literature review analyzed different age groups of the senior members to give an extensive view on how they operate the technology. As a result, it provided in-depth analysis of the study. The method of research was by

Compose an essay addressing Chinas one-child policy. Why was this

Compose an addressing chinawares one-child insurance form _or_ system of government. Why was this policy placed to be the best option for China to reduce population growth What is the - Essay ExampleThe policy was effective in reducing the overall population growth, however, this action was not without negative ramifications.In 2006, China had a population of over 1.3 billion people, and is predicted to grow to just over 1.4 billion by the twelvemonth 2050 (2006 World, 2006). This makes China the most populous country in the world today. However, because of implemented measures to reduce its footstep of population growth, in 2050, it is projected to be the second most populated country just crumb India (2006 World, 2006). In the 1960s and 1970s, when the population seemed to be increasing out of control, the use of contraceptives began to be promoted vigorously, which gradually resulted in a drop in fertility rates in China (Kent & Haub, 2005). The most universal contraceptiv e method used continued to be female sterilization and intrauterine devices (IUDs), followed by oral exam contraceptives (Kend & Haub, 2005). This was successful in lowering fertility rates, however, the Chinese government still believed a more strong policy must be implemented to successfully contain the population rate.The history of Chinas population control has fluctuated between encouraging births at certain times in its history, while actively prohibiting births at another (Love, 2005). In 1949, the same year the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) was created, the regime encouraged births to increase the rate of socioeconomic development and to strengthen the county (Love, 2005, p. 143). In fact, the leader of the Chinese Revolution, monoamine oxidase Zedong, publicly announced that a large population would be a very good subject for China because out of all the things in existence in the world, people are the most scarce (Zedong, as cited by Love, 2005, p. 143). The populat ion grew so fast during that time, that only a few years later, policy changes were implemented.In 1954, birth control was discussed openly by the PRC, however, only four years later in 1958, Mao

Politics and Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Politics and Administration - Essay ExampleAll of these states were once colonies and had gained their independences through hard struggle, though they decided to touch together and form a primaeval government or confederacy, named the United States of the States (McGraw-Hill, 1999). The states were colonies which decided to converge for a better security status and strength against their enemies and colonizers, forming the central government for the signing of treaties, declaration of war or the raising of arms (McGraw-Hill, 1999). However, due to the security and independence of individual states, the central government was given a limitation on the regulation of trade and the imposition of taskes (McGraw-Hill, 1999). The social crusade theory had m any(prenominal) restrictions in both sociality and movements, which delivered the Articles of Confederation that was seeking remedies for the loop holes in the social have theory. The social contract theory was a brainchild of Joh n Locke, David Hume and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, which is a description of how people converge together and establish agreements or contracts on living harmoniously together for mutual benefit (Wilson, 2011). As a strategy to defeating their colonizers and enemies, the states converged and entered into a strong relationship league for stronger common defense and security of their liberties (McGraw-Hill, 1999). ... ates was fast guided by common ideologies amongst the states, and the formation of common guiding legal frameworks and policies in the commutation Government. The Central Government was designed to serve as a common secure ground for all the atom states, which had created perpetually mutual relations, with enhanced contacts and social interactions within the states (McGraw-Hill, 1999). The Articles of Confederation set a common competent ground for social interaction and justify movements within all the genus Phallus states, with an exception of law fugitives and pauper s, where the ingrained immigrants who originate from either of the member states were bound to enjoy the same privileges and immunities as the resident citizens (McGraw-Hill, 1999). It enhanced the free ingress and regress within the states for citizens of any of the states, as opposed to the restricted movement of people as dictated by the existence of the social contract theory. The formation of the Articles of Confederation, that delivered the United States of America, was greatly beneficial to the citizens of the member states (McGraw-Hill, 1999). All the citizens from within any of the states enjoy common and unbiased privileges of trade and commerce in any of the states, and a common tax and duty imposition. This is an improvement and amendment due to the social contract theory that unless allowed equity in privileges for citizens of a specific state, which were bound to be denied or adjusted in of the separate states (Wilson, 2011). The Articles of Confederation allowed fo r the free movement of citizens within the states, with no taxation or duty imposition on imported property or habitation restrictions for inter-state migrants. On the contrary, the social contract theory dictated tax and duty imposition on the

Supply chain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Supply chain management - shew ExampleMoreover, the research also addresses former(a) fundamental concepts such as the procedures which precede the decision to grace in capital equipment and required services, whether to undertake measures that are associated with strategic outsourcing and an explanation of the legal issues and local and worldwide contract disputes which are faced by the company. History and Background of the Organization Hewlett-Packard Company (HP) was founded in 1939 by Stanford University students efflorescence Hewlett and Dave Packard (Hewlett-Packard 2013). Since, its inception in a Palto Alto garage the primary objective of the business was strengthened on the foundations of promoting a distinct within the industry. According to Hewlett-Packard (2013), the first product that was built by engineers, Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard was an audio oscillator which provides assistance to sound engineers. Eight samples of the companys first ever creation were boug ht by Walt Disney Studios for their project, Fantasia. The product line by HP broadly includes Personal computing device systems (PCs), printing & imaging (inkjet and printing), and endeavor services (software & services, and accessories & networking) (Hewlett-Packard 2013). The company sells high quality laptops, desktop computers, tablets, monitors, servers, storage systems, handheld devices, printers, toners, ink, softwares, and networking accessories. Among its services are consultation, outsourcing, infrastructure, applications and other technological services (Reuters n.d.). The Organizations Supply Chain Management Efforts According to the International stock Blog, HP organizes its company based on product departmentalization (McEntee 2010). That is, it has three main product departments including Personal Computer systems, printing and imaging, and enterprise services. The organization chart for HP found on the Cogmap website shows Leo Apotheke as the CEO, president and Chairman of the HP company with nine Executive guilt Presidents (EVPs) below it handling the different departments including technology solutions group, human resources, imaging and printing, personal systems group, and so on (2013). Below the EVPs are the SVPs (Senior Vice Presidents) after which come the VPs (Vice Presidents) and then the GMs (General Managers). Charlie McMurty is the SVP for release chain and Randy Salley is the SVP for reading Technology (IT) and supply chain systems. To deal with supply chain issues after facing rising list and customer dissatisfaction in the late 1980s, HP called an internal consulting group known as SPaM (Strategic supplying and Modeling) consisting of industrial engineers and management scientists to solve problems regarding supply chain (Lee & Billington 1995). The supply chain of HPs computational and other products included the production of integrated circuits, board assembly, final assembly and delivery. The initiative of improvin g supply chain issues was first started by the 1990 CEO of HP, John Young (Lee & Billington 1995). The company had a very assorted product line and therefore inefficiencies could occur anywhere along the chain. The first step was the identification of the problem. The shipment of supplies could be delayed or the supplies could be

Abstract about Barriers to KMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Abstract about Barriers to KMS - Essay ExampleThe reasons why great deal shy away leveraging KMS leave withal be found out in this dissertation. The big of this research is investigate the barriers preventing people to effective use of KMS in PwC(Thailand). The concept of knowledge management bequeath be looked at from a keen eye perspective and after dwelling this concept, the limitations allow also be taken into account. The dissertation is divided into several integral sections, each has its own importance and in that respect is something substantial in each section of the dissertation. The case of Thailand will be taken into account in this dissertation the PwC will be closely monitored in various sections of the dissertation. A well researched conclusion will be arrived at which will sum up all the important points and which will also strive a good insight on all the research questions presented in the beginning of the dissertation. The limitations of the dissertation wi ll also be discussed at the end which will focus upon the restrictions that were faced when conducting research on the subject.

Basic law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Basic law - evidence ExampleA substitution might be necessary if the dally decided a judicial proceeding guardian did not act in the best interests of the minor (Queens bench Rules 2008). 5. The burden of evidence in this eccentric per intelligence is carried by Gina Shez Maria Sobello, Jai Desmond Sorbello and Andre Giovani Sorbello. 6. The test of intention leads the court to the statement that it is permissible to pitch regard to the subsequent conduct of the parties for the purpose of ascertaining whether the intention to be attributed to them was to make a binding reason or otherwise. 7. The common law presumptions the courts rely upon in deciding if the parties intended to be legally demarcation is that in social or domestic situations legal relations are not intended. In a business context, however, the courts will presume that the agreement was indented to be legally bounding. In relation to social cases such presumptions can be rebutted in an attempt to show that th ere was an attempt for legal relations (Online healthy Coach 2008). 8. The English case mentioned in the process is Balfour v Balfour1919 2 KB 571 35 T.L.R. 609 , Kings Bench a husband who worked abroad promised his wife who in England to sent 30 pounds monthly. Then they divorced and she brought that achieve for the money he promised to her but didnt pay (Balfour v Balfour 1919 2 KB 571 35 T.L.R. 609). 9. The Queensland case cited in the judgment is Riches v Hogben 1986 1 Qd R 315 a man agreed that his return would give him a house in Australia if he moved there to take care of her. The family gave up his rent-free house, sold a car and other belongings to depart to Australia on time. The mother bought a house, however, did not put it in his name, but on hers, and made the mans family leave her house. The son then sued in order to enforce the contract with the mother. The Full Court, however, found the contract unenforceable (Heffey, Paterson and Hocker 1998). Mullins J refers t o Riches v Hogben stating that It is permissible to have regard to the subsequent conduct of the parties for the purpose of ascertaining whether the intention to be attributed to them was to make a binding agreement or otherwise (Sorbello & Ors v. Sorbello & Anor 2005 QSC 219) 10. Mullins J concluded that the first defendant (John Sorbello) was an honest witness. As a result, Johns evidence evidence on the events was preferred to that of Mrs Anderson or Gina. 11. The order of the court was that the proceeding be dismissed. 12. Regarding the costs of the case, it was decided that Mrs Anderson, as his litigation guardian, was ordered creditworthy for any costs ordered against Andre. However, the issue of whether she should be ordered to pay all the costs of both defendants was questioned by the judge who promised to hear submissions from both parties regarding the costs. 13. I believe the decision was fair. There was no conventional (written) contract. Part B 1. Considering that Har ry, who was willing to sell the bar, is representing a business entity, here a contract between Monty and Harry according to the common presumption that in business situations legal relations are intended. Furthermore, the court would assume that the agreement was indented to be legally bounding. In addition, since option is a contract that signifies one fellowships intention to acquire a legal right to buy something (Farlex, Inc.

Writing a Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing a Critique - Essay ExampleOne side of the seam could be weighted well by the way that it is accepted by some soulfulnesss that the preachers dont accompany a message of affection or peace, as deliveryman taught. They stop themselves in one of the busiest zones of the campus and report as loud as possible that we are all going to hellfire. Despite the fact that the way of the preachers introduction is hostile to numerous and reasons solid reactions, the opportunity of expressing ones interests and beliefs in this nation requires that the speech is protected and well ideal on. Numerous students have said they dont feel just as the preachers are expressly badgering or verbally taunting them with their words, while the others say they do. It is likewise genuine that universities are intended to be gateways of differences and to displace thought amongst the growing generations. Campuses are a few students first presentation to the varying perspectives on the planet. It is ri ghtfully odd that a few Christians want to take after the model of the preacher instead of that of Jesus Christ. They censure sins and caution the students of the advancing judgment while Jesus Christ recuperated individuals, sustained individuals nourishment, and taught about Gods fuck and forgiveness to individuals. (Ruckman)In contrary to the above mentioned points, it can be clearly solid groundd that each individual needs to be tested to consider what the explanation behind our presence on earth is. unendingly hangs in a critical position for each individual conceived. Trust and consolation must be advertised. A genuine campus preacher will take a gander at each individual they baffle and see a potential zone of service where they have the chance of bringing salvation and trust. They state that it is their obligation and responsibility to preach outside on school grounds in the event that they genuinely aim at focusing

Faith and Health Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 25000 words

Faith and Health - Thesis Examplewith the health of the individuals during the contemporary era, where the diagnosis and spread of fatal diseases in almost all regions of the globe have created grave challenges for the political, social and cultural authorities on the one side, and for the people associated with the fields and professions of religious services on the other. Since the mental and sensual well-being is one of the most dominant aspects of individual and collective life of the people, which is imperatively essential for playacting their personal and professional duties and obligations in an effective manner, health and fitness of the clergy is particularly necessary for the religious counseling and spiritual uplift of the entire society. The following hypothesis has been developed for the present studySuperior health care measures being adopted and exercised within a social establishment for the mental and physical well-being of the clergy turns bug out to be highly supportive ones in respect of their rendering religious services to society in a better and more effective mannerThe present research has been supported with the Social being Theory by Spencer (1857) and Theory of Religion by Durkheim (1912) both of these perspectives maintain direct association with the result selected for this study.The study will be conducted in North-East Mississippi Region, where the pastors, church ministers and other members of church boldness will be the universe for the present research. The data for this study will be gathered on the basis of probability sampling. Questionnaire and Content Analysis will be applied as the tools for data solicitation in the present study. At the end, the research findings will be arrayed, and interpretation will be do in the light of the findings. The research findings will be presented with the help of tables and graphs in a precise and organise manner for the comfort and convenience of the readers.Religion is rightl y claimed to be an essential part of

Coca Cola vs. Pepsi Cola Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Coca Cola vs. Pepsi Cola - Research theme ExampleThe Company recognizes the cost of post seclusion benefits, which consist principally of medical benefits, during employees periods of active service. The Coca-Cola Co. is adopting a cash-balance pension off program for new and current employees. Under the cash-balance object design, employees will receive annual age-heighted credits equal to a percentage of pay. Those credits will start at 3 percent of pay and increase with age. Employees cash-balance plan accounts also will be credited with interest. Coca-Colas move to a cash-balance plan comes at a time when many major employers are phasing out their defined-benefit plans and offering only defined-contribution plans. But Coca-Cola executives rejected such(prenominal) an approach. Coca-Cola, which last year reported $31.9 billion in operating revenueup from $28.9 billion in 2007is the third major employer to adopt a cash-balance plan since 2006, when Congress passed the Pension P rotection Act. On the early(a) hand a pension from PepsiCo is an important benefit that can help employees make the most of their retirement years. Add Social Security, any benefits payable from other PepsiCo plans as well as personal savings, and employees expect the formula for a sound financial future. To be eligible to participate in a PepsiCo pension plan, one must be either a full-time employee or a part-time employee work at least 1,000 hours in a year at PepsiCo or a subsidiary of PepsiCo that sponsors the plan. The scoop part about Pepsis pension benefit is that it is provided to employees at no cost. Employees do not score to contribute any of their current compensation to receive a pension. There are no paysheet deductions from their pay check and there are no out-of-pocket costs to pay. PepsiCo contributes amounts on employees behalf to the jut out for their exclusive benefit in accordance with Federal tax law. Measurement of Pension Costs and Obligations The fin is of pension costs and obligations is based on the attribution of pension benefits to periods of employee service and the use of actuarial assumptions to account the present value of such benefits. Actuarial assumptions reflect the time value of money and the probability of payment. The pursuit three key economic assumptions determine pension costs The discount rate The salary scale of handbillment The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets Pepsis Annual pension and retired person medical expense amounts are principally based on following components (1) the value of benefits earned by employees for working during the year (service cost), (2) increase in the liability due to the passage of time (interest cost), and (3) other gains and losses as discussed below, reduced by (4) expected return on plan assets for their funded plans. Significant assumptions employ to measure Pepsis annual pension and retiree medical expense include the interest rate used to determine th e present value of liabilities (discount rate) certain employee-related factors, such as turnover, retirement age and mortality for pension expense, the expected return on assets in their funded plans and the rate of salary

Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Finance - Assignment ExampleSainsburys is second in cost of market sh ar, ASDA is third and Morrisons is fourth (with 11.8), according to Reuters Finance. only when we look into market sh ar increase oer the past two years we find that Tescos profit margin in 2011 was 8.47% and decreased to 8.15% in 2012 perhaps reflecting the overall decline in retail profits due to the weakened economy. It is important to account though that Tesco was solace operating with a profit margin of over 8%. When comparing this to Morrisons, who experienced an slightly decrease from 6.9% in 2011 to 6.89%, even though this was only a slight decrease it was still operating on a loss for both the years. The inability to change the profitability of the business has meant a decline in the share price of 13% and as a result ordinary shareholders would be put off investing the this business. ROE The Return on equity (ROE) is defined as the dough income that is returned to the shareholder as a percentage of t he shareholders fund. ROE of a company genuinely measures the profit that the company generates from the shareholders money (Warren, 2009). Thus, change in ROE of both the companies is compared to see which company is comfortable for the investor to invest in, so that he leave behind receive a higher(prenominal) ROE. From the analysis, it is seen that the ROE of Tesco Plc has decreased by 0.25% in 2012 as compared to 2011. It indicates that the shareholders have received fewer amounts as return in 2012 by losing a part of their investment. Comparing the ROE of Morrison, it is found that there has been 1.12% increase in 2012 from 2011. It indicates that if investment is made in Morrisons share then an investor will be getting greater return in 2012. But if both the companies ROE is compared, then it can be stated that the shares of Tesco Plc are worth investing than Morrisons, since it gives higher ROE (White, Sondhi and Fied, 2003). EPS Earnings per share are defined as the porti on of profit of the company that is allocated to the shareholder. It truly indicates the profitability of the company. The Earning per Share (EPS) of Tesco Plc has increased in 2012 from 2011 by 0.01. The EPS of Morrison shows an increase in 2012 from 2011 by 0.20, but if EPS of both the companies are compared, then it is found that Tesco Plc is giving a higher earning than Morrison (Lucy, 2003). The EPS of both the companies can be compared because both are from the retail industry. Dividend per share Dividend per share (DPS) can be defined as the total dividends that are paid out over an entire period of time to the shareholders divided by number of the shares that are issued by the company. The dividend per share of Tesco Plc 14.7 p in 2012 is higher than that of Morrison 11.6 p. Thus it can be said that the customers of Tesco Plc. will be getting more as dividend if they invest in Tesco Plc. The change in dividend per share of Tesco Plc is negligible, 1.2 p, as compared to Morr ison which is 3.3 p in 2012. The DPS of both companies can be compared since they belong to the same retail industry. Dividend payout dimension The dividend payout ratio is the percentage of the earning of the company that is paid to the shareholde

Retail atmospherics are quite well studied but are poorly explained Essay

Retail atmosphericals ar quite well studied unless are poorly explained - Essay ExampleBefore examining the claim that retail atmospherics are soundly studied exclusively non stated well, we need to define what is meant by retail atmospherics. According to Kotler (1974), it is the causa to design buying environments to produce specific emotional effects in the buyer that enhances his purchase probability. A renewed interest was created in retail atmospherics through the caricature reporting by the groin Street Journal showing a bank manager asking a customers opinion on the background music, which the manager has boasted of selecting himself. Such complex decisions as presenting background music are made irrationally in retail ambience. It gives the impression that no serious thought is given on creating retail atmospherics to provide a memorable hump to customers in the retail industry. Such decisions if interpreted rationally and thoughtfully can create a positive impact on customer perceptions of benefit quality, purchase, and consumption behaviour (Chebat & Dube, 2000). Developing of a customer experience has become very crucial with the richness given to the purchase of commodities. Expectations from retail managers have increased to create an environment of understanding in creating the atmospheric resources for providing the desired customer experience. Challenges in the retail atmospheric research lie in understanding the psychological science of consumer reactions on the one hand and the functional requirements and planning at the firm level to provide that experience to the customers on the other hand (Chebat & Dube, 2000). Babin and Attaway (2000) have specifically worked on developing a reliable mechanics tool to innovatively measure the customers behavioural outcomes. Customer outlay is directly impressed by a investment trusts capacity to create value that benefits the customer. It was found that environmentally inspired emotions affec t relative spending by the customer. Their research indicates that customer behaviour can be induced by developing the function retail atmosphere. The value of obtain through the relationship of the customer behaviour with the retail environment provided by the retailer is justified. Research has been done on the relation between shopping behaviour and environmental factors via transformations in emotional feelings. Shoppers behaviour was examined through fixed time and changing time during a simulated shopping test. It included earreach experience of different but familiar music provided to the shoppers. Later on shoppers candidate on shopping time, their mental state and product appraisal were recorded, which indicated that shoppers spent long hours while listening to favourite music, which was their perception but unfeignedly they spent long hours shopping when listening to not-popular music. Limited actual shopping times in the known music scenario were associated with incr eased awareness. Longer assumed shopping hours by the shoppers in popular music listening experience were associated to unmeasured cognitive factors. Mental states of the shoppers played a part in taking a purchase decision on a product but these impressions were not directly associated to the playing of music (Yalch and Spangenberg, 2000). Research by Turley and Milliman (2000)) also shows that impact of music is not positive and good always. Their review shows weakness of the theoretical base. Majority of customer emotion measures depend on store type. Functional and job-oriented environments are related with lower levels of pleasure and arousal-related emotions, which provides an alternative to Mehrabian and Russel (1974)) model on environmental psychology. By changing the store design and settings, emotional shopping results can be

Personal Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Personal Responsibility EssayAchieving college conquest elicit be effectuate in several ways by mavenself. Taking steps to exceeding, developing set intentions, time man progressment, and personalised responsibility goes hand in hand. Although, if ace does not follow these steps or stays admittedly to themselves, conduct could become overwhelming, stressful, and chaotic. By doing this he or she sightnot only come across winner in college, tho also in his or her personal life.Meaning Merriam-Webster (1995) defines responsibility as the quality or put forward of living trusty, for close tothing which one is liable to answer for ones acts or decisions. When hearing the above an case-by-case has to believe by having either success in life, person responsibility goes hand in hand. Achieving college success or personal success in life one has to take action for some(prenominal) decisions, choices, or actions that argon made. It takes much strength for someone to stan d up for his or her witness beliefs and actions.When someone has plans to achieve college success or success in anything in life plans and goals should be set before expecting any type of success. Some may view personal responsibility different from the person next to them one thing that is truly the same is the effort to achieving success in his or her own life. Everyone is ultimately responsible for everything in their lives, pointing fingers at others is giving excuses on why one merchant shipnot achieve success.Success in college stand be seen in several ways. He or she can measure college success in all told types of ways by achieving good grades, learning new knowledge, learning how to speak to others, working together as a team, and the final result a college degree. To accomplish such goals, he or she first must(prenominal) know what they are wanting out of college. With this personal responsibility comes into act by not staying on-key to themselves the accomplishments go forth not be rewarding nor fulfilling. Someone who wants to succeed in college will do what is expecting and more than than to achieve the success. Teachers and family members have little effect on ones college success, but it is the individuals own personal responsibility for achievements in college. Although one may disagree with Mr. Awender, as there is no relationship between developing a college success and the success in the strain would. There can be a relationship between having an educational success and with success in a business world he or she just needs to have personal responsibility while achieving it.Careers can also have many successes. For an individual to be made in the business world, they have to dispirit from the bottom and work themselves to the top of the ladder. Personal responsibility and motivation are a key portion in climbing the business ladder. But not acquiring the motivation and determination along with goal sitting to strive to be the bes t, he or she will always be on the bottom. operative with team members can at times make you think or compare yourself to other co-workers. When you are trying to be successful in your biography, he or she should not compare how his or her own success towards other peoples success in their career. This could lead into discouragement in oneself, and the baron to focus on the goals at hand, and the accomplishments may become hard to achieve. This could postpone or delay the career success he or she is looking for.In 1972, Max Gunther points out there fifteen successful man with a network ranging from $100 million than to a billion dollars, only four of those mean have either a college or a university degree (Gunther, 1972). One can only invite that with a high level education there is a high level business success. This is certain in most cases, but there are those times that business experience can play a role into achieving success through a career. Some may argue that success is oftentimes found within a career that the position is that of a head manager is the top of success. Experience, age and even seniority can play a toll in how much someone is paid or the level he or she achieves in that career field (Awender, 1985) . Preliminary planHaving a preliminary plan is the starting foundation of creating success in college and in life. Personal responsibility is one of the things, where he or she is willing to take the necessary steps to succeed. Having high goals and dreams means handleing with the goals and doing can be done making sure that he or she is achieving the goals and dreams they have set for themselves. Things happen in life to where someone may encounter problems or setbacks while achieving success. With that one will need keep an open mind and stay positive to any negative while moving forward toward any goals. Realizing that goals can and will need to be changed or adjusted while he or she keeps fountainhead towards the ultimate goal. Time management is a piece in the preliminary plan to achieve overall success in life. Having to balance his or her own personal life, work life, school life this is release to take personal responsibility to be able to stay on top. Most college students that are reverting back to school are either married, have kids, a full time job that direct a good portion of their time. You will have to be ready and prepared to sacrifice some things to succeed in school or life. This is why having time management and personal responsibility will come into play.Procrastination will make life hard for the one who is achieving success. This is where his or her own life will become overwhelming, stressful, chaotic. To conquer these aspects of procrastination one has to be responsible for their actions. According to (Klingsieck, Fries, Horz, Hofer 2012) Up to 70% of university students consider themselves procrastinators and 50% procrastinate consistently and problematically. Some students have reported that procrastination typically accounts for more than one third of their daily activities and is often carried out through sleeping, reading, or watching TV (Klingsieck, Fries, Horz, Hofer 2012). refinementOne should take personal responsibility for their own actions so they can lead themselves on a pathway for success. Having to decide how to manage his or her own time between personal responsibility and college success is a major factor in achieving ones goals. One must learn how to prioritize their lives in a way they can balance all factors into achieving the overall goal becoming successful in college and a career by using personal responsibility.

Tennessee Technological University Essay Example for Free

Tennessee Technological University EssayIn choosing the right kind of University that stoop and hone one persons talents and skills to survive the real world, one must not only consider the academic quality given by the university, rather all told aspects that the university can hold to the individual. With my aspiration to become a computer science specialist, I chose TTU for the same reason as both one has, it has a strong credibility in terms of its different fields of study, and other curricular activities that promote the public assistance of the individual. I can not demise the fact that it was named as one of the Statess 100 Best College Buys, which implies that the money invested in the education of a student is very cost it for the quality of education TTU has given. It has remained atop of public coachs nationwide, and regarded by the Princeton Review as the Best Southeastern College. With all the qualifications and strength of the school in terms of quality educ ation and instructor, one is only left with the characterisation that in TTU, the foundation of true college academic attainment is indeed felt.The diligence process at TTU requires an naturalized application variety show that is readily made available in pdf format online. A $15 application fee must also be paid. The universitys admission also requires official transcripts of high school record be sent directly to the Office of Undergraduate Admissions. To ensure a healthy well-being of its students, TTU also requires applicants to submit an accomplished Student Health Form, also made available online, and a form for meningitis or hepatitis.I chose TTU as my university not only for the qualification it has in its Department of Computer information at the College of Arts and Sciences, but also how it maintains an environment that is safe and convenient for its students to enjoy. Aside from the different activities put out by the school, the campus grounds alone speaks of how d edicated the university is in maintaining a healthy environment for its students to enjoy. I entrust TTU to mold me into someone better and fulfilled, I chose TTU to help me fulfill my dreams.

Race and Color Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Race and Color Discrimination EssayWho are the major people that had made a different in the scarper and comment movement? What as society done to improve the style to perceive a nonher(prenominal) people that do not have the same color or race as us? This are alone major questions people have in mind when act to solve Racism affects people lives in many behaviors depending on race, gender, amp class though gender usually goes with sexism. Though there have been many efforts to reduce its power it is still in life. Today there are still efforts being made and some have been successful such(prenominal) the racial boundaries Barack Obama has crossed despite being biracial and how many people are taking a stand. Racism today seems to affect mainly African Americans as some people are in truth prejudiced against them such as the Ku Klux Klan whose power may not be as strong as it once was still exists. The other ways that African Americans are affected are stereotypes. There incalculable even for other races for example me. I have mistaken to be Indian a serve up of times and sometimes still am even though I am Bangladeshi.Some stereotypes for other races would be the Chinese and Japanese they are sometimes expected to be smart, have squinty eyes, and be a workaholic while they may be not. I know someone who is partly Japanese she does not seem to have squinty eyes nor is she a workaholic. Racism also comes to everyones lives through the way we exposed to it. For example go to some place and then be shut out because of the color of your skin or be cast out because youre Asian, African-American, or even middle eastern. For now that is all I can say but if youre not satisfied please leave a means on my bio page and/or improve it yourself in anyways you can.

Unification of Germany Essay Example for Free

Unification of Germany EssayEconomic success, political failure, and diplomatical tension marked the idea of a unified Germany in the period after the Napoleonic Wars. It was non clear around which power, Austria or Prussia, Germany could achieve solid groundal uniting (Merriman 2010). Prussian merchants, with the support of the Prussian crown, open the customs and quite a little union known as the Zollverein in 1834 (AP Central German Unification 2013). The Zollverein freed trade between most of the German states, with the exception of Austria.The upper class were wary of any change that energy threaten the status quo and feared the strong topicist feeling unleashed by the revolution, the expansion of which might lead to, they reasoned, the resolve of the equality of either(a) citizens (Merriman 2010). Industrialists and merchants thus brought liberal politics into German nationalism. During the trans mental straination of 1848, liberals met in the Frankfurt fictio nalisation and drafted a constitution modeled on the ideals of the French Revolution of 1789 (AP Central German Unification 2013).The company offered to share power under a constitutional monarchy and offered the crown of a unified Germany to Frederick William IV of Prussia. The Revolution of 1848 brought some liberal reforms to Prussia, such as the ability of the parliament to obstruct certain forms of taxation. However, the Prussian leaders, which was thoroughly conservative, rejected the Frankfurt constitution, preferring reform and nuclear fusion reaction directed from above. Austrias resistance of attempts to unify Germany under Prussian leadership further obstructed unification.One of the major questions concerning German unification centered on this Prussian-Austrian rivalry, which was both diplomatic and cultural. Supporters of Greater Germany insisted that Prussians and Austrians, with a common language naturally, should be part of one nation. However, proponents of Les ser Germany argued that Austria should be excluded from unification due to dynastic rivalry between the Hohenzollerns and the Hapsburgs and the cultural differences between a mostly Protestant Prussia and Catholic Austria (AP Central German Unification 2013).Figure 1 Kaiser Wilhem I German Emperor (18 January 1871 9 manifest 1888) The Wars of German Unification The path to unification for Germany came through diplomacy and war. The French defeat at the fight of Sedan and annexation of Alsace-Lorraine brought Bavaria into the German Confederation, and William I became the first monarch of the German Empire (AP Central German Unification 2013). In 1862, Wilhelm I of Prussia appointed Otto von capital of North Dakota prime minister. capital of North Dakotas name became almost identified with the term Realpolitik, or the politics of realism (Muntone 2011).Bismarck was a very able man, both pragmatic and determined. Bismarcks focus was on a united Germany with a strong monarch. Bi smarcks belief in a strong monarchy made him a political conservative and in the 1860s he was faced with a hostile liberal majority in Parliament (Muntone 2011). Therefore, Bismarck directed the nations attention to foreign affairs. This would allow him to maintain control of the domestic policy, since noncombatant populations always accepted special g everyplacenment controls and restrictions during wartime.In 1864 Bismarck trumped up charges against the Danish government for their interference of Germans living in the Danish province of Schleswig-Holstein. Prussias defeat of Denmark and annexation of Schleswig-Holstein set Prussia on a opposition course with Austria for dominance of central Europe. Following the defeat of the Austrian Empire in 1866, the German states confederate with Prussia, with the notable exception of Catholic Bavaria, forming the North German Confederation. In his first two wars, Bismarck balance Russian and French concerns over the growing power of Prus sia.In the former, Bismarck manipulated long-standing Russian mistrust of Austria to form an alliance. With France, Bismarck benefited from Emperor Napoleon IIIs failed campaign in Mexico, which distracted the French from European affairs. This was only shipboard and the Franco-Prussian War began in 1870. Figure 2 Otto Von Bismarck Prime Minister of unified Germany The opportunity for the nett step in German unification arrived in 1870. Bismarck decided to go to war with France, accept that the other German states would come to Prussias aid.He changed the wording of a press release so that it gave the appearance of a deliberate insult from the Prussian king to the French emperor butterfly (Muntone 2011). On see the statement, Napoleon III immediately declared war on Prussia. As Bismarck had calculated, the southern German states allied themselves with Prussia against their common enemy, France (Muntone 2011). The war can accurately be describe as Franco-German rather than Franc o- Prussian because many German states be fonts Prussia played a major role in defeating the French(Muntone 2011).The efficiency and prime(prenominal) strategy of the German military brought the French to a speedy surrender. The peace treaty gave Germany control of Alsace and Lorraine, and provided for a compensatory payment to Prussia of 5 billion francs. Although Prussia had provoked the war, France had technically been the aggressor, and at any rate was on the losing side (Muntone 2011). Figure 3 German Empire of 1871 Conclusion On January 18, 1871, Wilhelm I of Prussia was officially crowned emperor of Germany.Below is a copy of the imperial beard proclamation on January 18, 1871 that unified Germany as a nation The Imperial Proclamation, January 18, 1871 Whereas the German princes and the free cities have unanimously called upon us to renew and to assume, with the restoration of the German Empire, the German imperial office, which has been empty for more than sixty years and W hereas adequate arrangements have been provided for this in the constitution of the German ConfederationWe, Wilhelm, by the grace of God King of Prussia, do herewith declare that we have considered it a duty to ur common fatherland to answer the summons of the united German princes and cities and to accept the German imperial title. In consequence, we and our successors on the throne of Prussia result henceforth bear the imperial title in all our relations and in all the business of the German Empire, and we hope to God that the German nation will be granted the ability to fashion a propitious future for the fatherland under the emblem of its ancient glory.We assume the imperial title, conscious of the duty of protecting, with German loyalty, the rights of the Empire and of its members, of keeping the peace, and of protecting the freedom of Germany, which depends in its turn upon the united strength of the pack. We assume the title in the hope that the German people will be gran ted the ability to enjoy the reward of its ardent and self-sacrificing wars in invariable peace, within boundaries which afford the fatherland a security against renewed French aggression which has been lost for centuries.And may God grant that We and our successors on the imperial throne may at all times subjoin the wealth of the German Empire, not by military conquests, but by the blessings and the gifts of peace, in the realm of national prosperity, liberty, and morality. Wilhelm I, Kaiser und Konig (Halsall 1998). In a final insult to the French, the Germans held the ceremony in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. Nationalism was a major force in the creation of the German Empire. Both the nobles and the common people supported unification.In contrast to the treatment given to Austria in 1866, the conditions imposed on France in 1870 and 1871 were very harsh ( earthly concern account at KMLA 2008). For the following decades, the recovery of Alsace-Lorraine was a political goal of French diplomacy, and one of the roots for instauration War I (World recital at KMLA 2008). Unification was accomplished with the approval of most, but not of all Germans. Especially in Hannover, annexed in 1866, the aversion of Prussia remained strong and Hannovers representatives in Germanys Reichstag, the Welfen, were in constant opposition (World History at KMLA 2008).The Catholic Bavarians remained skeptical of the new Empire. The army had been the most visible instrument by which unification had been achieved. In the German Empire, the defense forces were revered. The state failed to establish a mechanism ensuring state control over the army. When World War I began, military reasoning (crossing Belgium to get into France, the Schlieffen-Plan) won out over political reasoning (World History at KMLA 2008). The breach of Belgiums neutrality was the main reason for charging Germany with sole responsibility for World War I.

Speech Analysis Essay Example for Free

Speech Analysis EssayOn October 10, 2013 I gave a speech to my classmates rough the ternion most important steps in examine a murder case. These are including separating witnesses, collecting evidence, and interviewing suspects. Watching the video of my speech, I observed many strengths and weaknesses strengths including a lot of facts, an interesting topic, and talking at an average pace. Weaknesses that stuck knocked out(p) to me were my pass consistently being in my pockets and reading directly off my notecards. The first thing I thought I did well was including a lot of facts. This is important because it was an informative speech and the goal was to inform the audience of information about a topic they were not aware of. I feel as if adding information, that wasnt necessarily told to the public, about JonBenet Ramseys case was a good decision on my part. For example, I incorporated that JonBenets father sure a raise earlier that year of the same exact amount of money t hat was asked for in the ransom money note. The second thing I thought I did well was picking an interesting topic. The subject of turn arbiter is just exciting all close to.From mysteries to solving crimes it is all enjoyable to learn about. Criminal justice and the JonBenet case was a good topic to choose because it kept the audiences attention. When hearing about a mystery or an unsolved murder crime it is practically expected to stick around and listen to the end to see if it has been figured out if not people are left with a cliff hanger. The third strength would be talking at an average pace. If one talks also fast its hard to comprehend all the information thats being thrown at you.Therefore maintaining a good pace helps to add onto time and to keep the audiences responsiveness. lecture too slow roll in the hay affect the outcome also though. There has to be a elated medium. Now that I have discussed strengths, I will now move onto weaknesses and how I can purify them in the future. During my speech I kept moving my hands in and out of my pockets. This is considered as a distracting mannerism and can affect the audiences attention to my hands rather than what I am saying.I can improve this by keeping my hands to my side where they are out of the modal value and ignore my nervous habits. The final weakness I noticed was how often I looked at my notecards. It frankly just looks extremely weird looking up and down constantly. Memorization is key and I can improve this by practicing to a greater extent often and in front of different people to get more comfortable with my words. I cant just sit here and say I consider to do this either, because it wont change unless I continue to take action to make myself better. altogether in all I thought my speech went well over all. There are positives and negatives out of everything one does. In this case the strengths were a lot of facts, interesting topic, and talking at an average pace. The weaknesses wer e hands in my pockets and reading directly off my cards. Both of these weaknesses are completely capable of being changed. By the end of this semester I plan to have successfully given a speech without the little mistakes. all told it takes is practice, motivation, and knowledge and quite frankly I feel as if I have all three

Health and Safety in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

health and natural rubber in the Workplace Essay health and Safety shape a very important role in the mildewplace directly. Many organizations take the responsibility of their employees sentry go and health seriously due to the various affects that could stem from a lack of providing a secure land environment. During the 20th century our nation has be add up a world leader in setting an congressman for the world involving the functioners unspoilt to a safe and salutary environment. Because of the various laws and research conducted in the United States, on that point turn out been countless number of accidents that have been prevented and thousands of lives saved because of awareness. I, being a Safety Coordinator and a piece of hunt down accident survivor, cheat firsthand the grandness of sentry duty in the work and the negative outcome for employees and organizations that do not pr actionice a safe work environment. I would like to take this while to def y a little information on my personalized hold on work accidents and the importance of preventive in that environment.In 2007 I was employed as a bridge carpenter working for a large construction company in Biloxi, MS. As a bridge carpenter is was open(a) to some atrocious and high risk situations that put my deportment at risk on an everyday basis. I felt this company actually cared about the sanctuary of their employees. We were provided with every piece of synthetic rubber equipment that was needed to arrange our job as safely as possible. The equipment was fairly new and OSHA approved. If it was found to be inadequate, it was immediately removed out of service and either fixed or replaced. Not to mention every morning we conducted tool case safety meeting and equipment inspections. This particular day of my near fatal accident, we were setting rebar cages for columns whitethornbe 30 to 40 feet in height. It was my responsibility to climb the cage, after it was set on the footer with a hold out, to unhook the fishing tackle from the crane. I had all the proper PPE (personal protective equipment) on and the cage had been secured at the bottom by come along rigging devices.As I climbed the cage and Unhooked the rigging from the crane, the cage began to s representation from side to side. originally I could puzzle my descent, the cage and myself settle down attached to it with three different positioning, fell in the water, which by the way was the Gulf of Mexico. As my feet touched the bottom I began to panic and fight to free myself by unhooking myself from the cage. Several of my co workers jumped in the water to rescue me, further they were un equal to locate my body. But they were able to locate the cage I was attached to. Thanks to quick thinking they were able to hook the crane cables back to the cage and hoist the cage and I out of the water successfully. But by this time I was not breathing and had no pulse. They lowered me on a crew boat and began to uttermoste CPR.The CPR was unsuccessful so they began to take me to the dock where the ambulance was awaiting my arrival. During the time of the boat ride, I suddenly began to spit out up water and slowly came to my senses. I was taken to the hospital and was blessed that I did not back any major injuries. During the accident investigation it was found that the cage we were setting was not the correct adept for that particular footing and atomic number 53 of the come along holding it in place was functioning right to catch the cage as it began to fall. This is when I actually began to take workplace safety seriously and start my career in that field. During the course of this cover it is my intent to present key cistrons of workplace safety and health and provide new insight and personal experience that has and will affect my career and personal life and lives of those around me.The Role of Safety and wellness in the WorkplaceWorkplace safety is the pract ice of an employer utilise preventative measures to prevent hazards to the employees health and personal safety. This practice includes creating plans and procedures for employees and managers in the workplace. In addition, workplace safety involves creating policies and keeping emergency materials available for employee and manager use while at a work site. Workplace safety has caused strikes, contract negotiations and concerns among the different labor unions. These groups have negotiated union contracts and initiated lawsuits on behalf of workers who have an unsafe workplace. The Union railcar players created Workers Memorial Day as a day to honor workers who are killed on the job in the United States.David Micheals, the new head of OSHA, made this profound statement these catastrophic events are powerful reminders of the risks face up by workers across the country every day. Fourteen workers die on the job each day, far from the headlines, often noted only by their families , friends, and co-workers. (Markowitz Rosner, 2011, p.26) Manufacturing jobs are heavily mentioned on this day due to the dangers of in operation(p) machinery or equipment. Workplace safety in many an(prenominal) businesses requires additional training for the employees and management. This foundation include a lecture by an expert, hand-on training or a tour of the grounds and materials.For example, an employee whose job requires the use of a machine is not only trained to use the machine, but he is typically trained on how to operate machinery to avoid injury, dismemberment or death. The employee can also be trained on what to do if a co-worker injures herself on the job. As I stated in the introduction of this stem, I k at one time firsthand the importance of safety and health in the workplace. By soul the role of workplace safety and its history, employers and employees are able to apply these safety concepts to their everyday work related routines.I have well-read that w orkplace safety and health reach far beyond the OSHA Act of 1970. Safety involves adopting a way of thinking and a way of functioning in all environments. Organizations such as unions have fought for workers right to a safety and healthy work environment. The campaigns they have fought so diligently to win have proved to be effective in fighting diseases like tuberculosis, typhoid, and smallpox that not only for the workplace but also for the general public. (Markowitz Rosner, 2011, p.27)occupational Safety and Health AdministrationIn 1970 Congress passed into law The occupational Safety and Health Act which formed the Occupational Safety and Health Administration or (OSHA). This act declared that every worker is entitled to safe and healthful working conditions, and that employers are responsible for work being free from all recognized hazards.(Silverstein, 2008, p.416) Even forty years later, many people still do not believe that OSHA is up holding the standard in workplace safe ty and health for which it was designed to do. Today a worker still becomes injured or sick from a dangerous job every 2.5 seconds plus a worker dies from a workplace injury or unhealthiness every 8 minutes. The National Institute for Occupational Safety, also known as NIOSH, has authorization for workplace safety and health matters at federal workplace locations. In the federal workplace environment, NIOSH has an enforcement authority that corresponds to the authority OSHA exercises over workplaces operated by private sector employers.In some instances, state-run programs supersede OSHA authority, and the Occupational and Safety and Health Act of 1970 fosters the development and operation by case-by-case states of workplace safety and health programs. However, to qualify for this exemption to OSHA authority, a state-run program must establish standards and enforcement criteria that match or exceed the effectiveness of the federal OSHA program. As of April 2010, 26 states and U .S. territories have such programs in place with 23 of those 26 covering state and local anesthetic government workplaces as well as workplaces operated by private sector employers.The Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 ceremonious mandatory health and safety standards and directed the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and the Secretary of comminute to create improved health and safety standards to protect the health and welfare of coal miners in the U.S. The exquisite Labor Standards Act (FLSA) established a national minimum wage, guaranteed time-and-a-half for overtime in certain types of jobs, and banned employers from hiring minors. Today the FLSA helps to enforce and protect the rights and wages of non-exempt employees. I do not have much experience working directly with OSHA but as an OSHA outreach trainer, I have become accustom to understand the importance and partake they can and do have in a workplace environment.Working as a safety coordinator for several di fferent contractors has given me an insight as to how some organizations nonplus to OSHA regulations and how other organizations do not. With this insight and from knowledge gained from this course, I see that we still need stay focused on unceasing safety awareness and to ensure OSHA enforces the laws and regulations for violators. By understanding the history and the need for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in our society, I have a greater enthusiasm to perform my job functions as a safety coordinator at a higher level and expect the people around me to adhere to the same level of faithfulness.Safety Issues In The WorkplaceSafety ejects are an important topic in todays workplace, especially with the rise in accidents in places of work and business. Accidents may often be small, but they can also lead to life-altering results such as mutilation and even death. The most common type of safety issue in workplaces relates to tripping and falling, however, there are many other causes to be considered. An organization with a supreme policy for dealing with safety issues should be considering topics such as bioengineering and the arrangement of the space so that the tasks best fit the people who complete them. In this discussion the focus will be on three in particular which are repetitive accentuate injuries, workplace stress, and substance abuse. In todays society, there are many jobs that require sit at a work send off all day. Employees that perform these types of jobs run a higher risk of being injured by chronic and repetitive motion task, like typing on a keyboard, eyestrains, lifting or movement injuries, poor ergonomics or workstation accidents. (Lowe, 2012, p.104)Majority of musculoskeletal injuries and pain affecting office workers are a result of sitting for long periods in the same position performing the same or repetitive motions. I have well-educated that the key to prevention and treatment of these problems is reducing mu scle and tendon overuse. A great method to reduce these injuries from happening would be massage therapy. Massage therapy allows the tendons to release pressure that has built up throughout the day or work hours. Another treatment method would be employees do daily stretches at their workstation. When I began working as a carpenter, every morning we would start the day out by doing a series of stretches to loosen our muscle the same way an individual would if they were preparing to exercise. Work related stress is another major safety issue that affects the workplace.Workplace stressors like interpersonal conflict and work plume can have a profound effect on the health of an organizations employees. Findings channelise that work overload and interpersonal conflict mediate the impact of role stress on stirred up exhaustion, job attitudes, and behaviors. (Boles, Jaramillo, Mulki, 2011, p.329) Interpersonal conflict happens due to the negative social fundamental interactions betwee n co-workers in the workplace. Also interpersonal conflict is one of the most important stressors at work due to the effect it has on employees emotions and their readiness to work as a team. Work overload is the employees perception that the job is placing excessive work demands on them. In todays workforce employees are pressured to deliver greater output while utilize fewer resources. Overloaded individuals often experience feelings of impatience and being rushed, which in turn affects the quality of their interactions with co-workers.Because of upgrade unemployment rates, layoff survivors are more likely to experience larger work loads because they now perform both their former workload and that of those who left. (Boles, Jaramillo, Mulki, 2011, p.329) From my experience interpersonal conflict and work overload can have a big impact on the health of all employees with no regard to title, pay grade, or seniority. These stressors can cause emotional, genial, and somatogenic h ealth issues for all they affect. Through newly found knowledge, I have gained a greater understanding of the effects that workplace stress can have on an organizations employees and how they interact with one another. Organizations can counteract these stressors by providing additional support to individuals who are being affected by these workplace stressors and conducting workload/interpersonal conflict evaluations bi annually. Handling problems of substance use and abuse at work are some of the most challenging issues confronting employers. (Dwoskin, 2012, p. 32)The law requires employers to provide a safe, healthy and productive work environment to employees, but it also requires employers accommodate the needs of substance abusing employees. This could cause a conflict, because the substance abusing employees may be causing the health and safety issues in the workplace. Employers have the right to insist on a dose and intoxicant free workplace and to take disciplinary action against individuals who violate the zero margin rules. Under the law employers may hold alcoholics and recovering addicts to the same performance standards as other employees. (Dwoskin, 2012, p.32) This intend that employees that abuse drugs and alcohol may be discharged or held to disciplinary action based on tardiness, absenteeism, and poor job performance. But on the other hand, the ADA says they cannot be discriminated against if they are found to be disabled.The ADA defines discrimination as not making reasonable accommodations to the known physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified individual with a disability (Dwoskin, 2012, p.34) During the course of my research of this particular issue, I learned effect that substance abuse in the workplace can have on the safety of that individual and the people around them. I also learned that in certain situations that a person abusing drugs and alcohol can be protected by the ADA if they are found to be disabled and the employer must accommodate their disability in the workplace. I have known several instances where employees have failed random drug screens and have been able to keep their jobs. But in those instances the employer required the employee to seek professional help in dealing with their addiction.Safety ProgramsA safety program can best be described as a dynamic set of intervention activities implemented at a worksite where the aim is to prevent incidents and accidents at the workplace (Bjerkan, Olsen, Naevestad, 2009, p.391) These safety programs are usually comprised of activities such as safety training, equipment and housekeeping inspections, safety meetings, and safe behavior observations. There are five key components to a properly structured safety fillip program. The first component involves using an entire campaign to promote your program by building teamwork thru interaction with the employees. The next component is establishing an prize vehicle that should be handed out w eekly. The third component states to award employees with merchandise rather than money. Usually when employees receive money as a reward they tend to block up the reward and wee the money went to. But when an employee is rewarded with merchandise, they can recall how they received it and this encourages them to win again.The fourth component says to promote the program using items such as posters, caps, balloons, newsletters, flyers, parties, and company drawings. The last component states to make everyone a winner. It might seem to cost more, but it will pay off in the long run by promoting the idea that everyone that practices safety in the workplace is a winner. Wellness is a lifestyle that encourages honourable physical and mental health. It is a balanced lifestyle that includes an emphasis on the body, mind and spirit. Wellness Programs were created to encourage all faculty, staff, and retirees to live healthier lifestyles and create a culture of health throughout the organi zation. Workplace wellness includes organizational policies designed to facilitate employee health including allowing flex time for exercise, providing on-site kitchen and eating areas, offering healthy food options in vending machines, holding walk and talk meetings, and offering financial and other incentives for participation, among many other options.In the course of researching safety programs, I have learned new techniques that will provoke my knowledge in designing safety programs in the future. Working of several different companies has allowed me to be exposed to different types of safety incentive programs. I have seen what does work and also what does not work. During the course of this paper it was my intention to present key components of workplace safety and health and provide new insight and personal experience that has and will affect my career and personal life and lives of those around me.By exploring the role of safety and health in the workplace I have gained gr eater understanding of its history. I can now assist employers and employees to apply these safety concepts to their everyday work related routines. In researching OSHA, I discovered a greater knowledge of the importance of the OSHA Act of 1970 and the administrative offices that have developed from the Act. Offices such as OSHA and NIOSH were established to up hold the laws and standards set by the OSHA Act in the workplace. My knowledge has grown during the development of this paper which has allowed me to view different aspects of safety and health that I previously did not have knowledge of.ReferencesDwoskin, L.L. (2012). mall Abuse in the Workplace ADA and FMLA Issues to Consider,Part II. Employee Benefit Plan Review, 66(8), 32-38Jaramillo, F., Mulki, J., Boles, J. S. (2011). WORKPLACE STRESSORS, problem ATTITUDE,AND JOB BEHAVIORS IS INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT THE MISSING LINK?Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management, 31(3), 339-356 Lowe, W. (2012). Keying Into Office Worke r Injuries. Massage Bodywork, 27(4), 104-107 Markowitz, G., Rosner, D. (20110. FROM THE TRIANGLE FIRE TO THE BPEXPLOSION A Short History of the Century-Long Movement for Safety and Health. in the buff Labor Forum (Murphy Institute), 20(1), 26-32. Doi10.4179/NLF.201.0000005 Moran, R.E. (2012). WORKPLACE SAFETY AND HEALTH Better OSHA Guidance NeededOn Safety Incentive Programs. GAO Reports, 1-46Olsen, E., Bjerkan, A., Naevestad, T. (2009). Modeling the effects of a large-scale safetyCulture programme a have qualitative and quantitative approach. Journal OfRisk research, 12Silverstein, M. (2008). Getting Home Safe and Sound Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration at 38 American Journal Of Public Health, 98(3), 416-423 Stanley, J. (2012). Oshas monition on Safety Incentive Programs Are Wide of the Mark.EHS Today Vol. 5 Issue 10, p. 63-64

The role of Intelligence in the formulation of government policies Essay Example for Free

The role of word of honor in the formulation of government policies EssayIntroductionEspionage is the concealed collection of data, or password, that the source of such(prenominal) learning wishes to hold dear from disclosure. countersign refers to evaluated and processed development needed to make decisions. The term can be use with reference to business, armament, economic, or policy-making decisions, but it to the highest degree commonly relates to governmental alien and defense form _or_ system of government. discussion generally has a subject security connotation and therefore exists in an aura of secrecy. Espionage, or tell oning, is mislabeled according to guinea pig laws. undercover agenting proceeds against the attempts of cipherer-espionage (or counter-intelligence) agencies to protect the secrecy of the information desired. International espionage methods and operations contain few boundaries. They give way been romanticized in popular fiction an d the mass media, but in reality, espionage exists in a secret tender being of deception, fraud, and near time violence. Espionage involves the recruiting of agents in contrasted nations efforts to encourage the dis loyalty of those possessing significant information and audio supervision as soundly as the use of a full range of modern photographic, sensing, and detection devices and roughly different techniques of eliciting secret information (see C. S. Trahair, Richard. Encyclopedia of Cold fight Espionage, Spies and Secret Operations, 2004). The intents of this paper argon to (1) trace how espionage started (2) aim the justification and international sanction of intelligence (3) spang the recruitment agents (4) be awargon how espionages are self-possessed (5) be acquainted espionage agencies and networks (6) be informed how espionage during the 19th century and early 20th century (7) know the role of espionage during domain of a choke state of war II and Modern Era (8) realized how is espionage in politics and labor (9) learn active the Espionage bring of 1917 (10) know about Central intelligence operation Agency (CIA) as unrivalled of the agencies of intelligence and (11) know about its implications of modern technology. Background How espionage started? watchword was early cleard as a vital tool of groundcraftof diplomacy or war. Writing almost 2,500 years ago, the Chinese war machine theorist Sunzi stressed the importance of intelligence. His book The Art of War (c. 500 BC) gave detailed instructions for organizing an espionage corpse that would include double agents and defectors. news, however, was haphazardly organized by rulers and military chiefs until the rise of nationalism in the eighteenth century and the exploitation of standing armies and diplomacy (see T. Richelson, Jeffrey. A Century of Spies intelligence agency in the Twentieth Century. 1999).III. treatment Justification and International Sanction of cogniz ance In order to adopt and implement foreign policy, jut out military strategy and organize armed forces, conduct diplomacy, negotiate arms control agreements, or take break off in international organization activities, nations have vast information requirements.Not surprisingly, some governments maintain some kind of intelligence capability as a matter of survival in a homo where dangers and uncertainties still exist. The ice-cold war may have ended, but hostilities continue in parts of eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, the Middle East, and elsewhere. Indeed, the collapse of old political blocs in the late 1980s has n peerlesstheless increased international uncertainty and consequent need for information (see Carney, Ralph M. Citizen Espionage Studies in Trust and Betrayal. 2001). All nations have laws against espionage, but most sponsor spies in other lands. Because of the clandestine nature of espionage, no reliable count exists of how some intelligence officerson ly a small percentage of whom are actually spiesthere are in the world. A common estimate is that the joined States today still employs some 200,000 intelligence personnel. The total that was generally ascribed to the Soviet intelligence establishment in the 1980s was 400,000, a figure that include mold guards and internal security police (see T. Richelson, Jeffrey. A Century of Spies Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. 1999). The recruitment agents Today, scores of developed nations have efficient intelligence organizations with systematic programmes for recruiting new agents. Agents come from three main sources the university world, where students are sought and trained for intelligence careers the armed services and police forces, where some degree of intelligence advancement may already have been attained and the chthonianground world of espionage, which produces an assortment of lot, including criminal informers, with relevant experience (see Bungert, Heike Et Al. Se cret Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. 2003). Those who do the actual spying, which may involve stealing information or performing disloyal acts of disclosure, are led to this work by miscellaneous motivations. Greed or financial need is a leading incentive in many cases, but other motivations, such as ambition, political ideology, or nationalistic idealism, can figure importantly Oleg Vladimirovich Penkovsky, a super laid Soviet officer, provided valuable information to Western intelligence services in the belief that the West essential be warned of danger. H. A. R. (Kim) Philby, the notorious English spy, worked for the Soviet Union on ideological grounds. just about spies must be carefully recruited and enticed into cooperation others volunteer. The latter(prenominal) must be handled with extreme caution, as it is common for double agents to be among the volunteers. icon agents are spies who pretend to be defecting, but in reality maintain their original loyalty. Count er-intelligence staffs are of all time sceptical of volunteers or defectors and restrict their use for positive espionage purposes. In some cases, the most valuable spy of all is the agent-in-place, the person who clay in a position of trust with access to highly secret information, but who has been recruited by a foreign intelligence service such a spy is cognize as a mole (see Herrington, Stuart A. Traitors among Us Inside the Spy Catchers manhood, 1999). A high-priority espionage target is the penetration of the various international terrorist organizations. If the leadership of such units can be infiltrated by spies, advance knowledge can be obtained of the location and identity of intended victims, the nature of the disguises being utilize by the hit team, and the secret sources of weapons. such(prenominal) information could be apply to foil terrorist operations. International drug trafficking, it has been asserted, can similarly be thwart by effective espionage, but the problem is complex, and only limited success has been achieved. How espionages are gathered? Intelligence work, including spying, proceeds in a five-step process. Initially, what the decision makers need to know is considered, and requirements are set. The second step is stack away the desired information, which requires knowing where the information is located and who can best obtain it. The information may be available in a foreign newspaper, radio broadcast, or other open source or it may be obtained only by the most sophisticated electronic agent, or by put an agent within the decision-making system of the target area. The third step is intelligence production, in which the collected rude(prenominal) data are assembled, evaluated, and collated into the best possible answer to the question initially asked. The fourth step is communication the processed information to the decision maker.To be useful, information must be encloseed in a timely, accurate, and comprehendible f orm. The fifth and crucial step is the use of intelligence. The decision maker may choose to ignore the information conveyed, thus possibly courting disaster on the other hand, a judgment may be made on the tush of information that proves inaccurate (see Hulnick, Arthur S. and Valcourt, Richard R. Fixing the Spy Machine Preparing American Intelligence for the 21st Century, 1999).The point is that the decision maker must make the final crucial judgment about whether, or how, to use the information supplied. The intelligence process can fail at each or any of these five introductory steps. Espionage Agencies and Networks The worlds intelligence, espionage, counter-intelligence, and privacy action programmes may be said to follow three distinct organizational patterns the American, the totalitarian (exemplified by the Communist regimes), and the British (parliamentary) systems. Similarities exist among them, yet distinctions are sharp. In the United States the Central Intelligence Agency continues to sit at the corner of an elaborate complex of some dozen separate intelligence organizations. Each has a specific role and a carefully watch area of operations. The director of central intelligence is both head of the CIA and the presidents principal intelligence adviser. In the latter job the director theoretically coordinates all the separate intelligence units, setting their requirements, budgets, and operational assignments.In reality, many of the study(ip) units in the systemsuch as the Defense Intelligence Agency and the huge topic Security Agency/Central Security value, both part of the Department of Defenseoperate in quasi-independence. The National Security Agency, which engages in code making and code breaking, the science of cryptography, is much larger in staff size and budget than the CIA (see Marchetti, Victor and agrees, John D. The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, 2001).The military also maintains a major tactical intelligence capability to a ssist field commanders in making on-the-spot decisions. Other major units in the US intelligence system include the State Departments Bureau of Intelligence and Research, the Department of the Treasury, the federal official Bureau of Investigation, and the Drug Enforcement Administration of the Department of Justice. The US mold influenced the intelligence social organizations of those countries where the United States was dominant at the end of World War II, such as West Germany (now part of the united Federal nation of Germany), Japan, sulfur Korea, and Taiwan. In contrast to the federated American intelligence structure, the typical totalitarian setup is highly centralized. In the Soviet Union, the power of the KGB pervaded every aspect of national life. Its director was generally a the right way member of the Politburo (the governing political committee of the USSR). The KGB had two chief directorates.The most important was the First board of directors, which was trustworth y for foreign intelligence gathering. The Second Directorates principal responsibilities involved providing counter-espionage protection to the regime and recruiting foreign agents within the Soviet Union. Its targets included diplomats and journalists stationed in the USSR, foreign students, business sight, tourists, and visiting delegations (see Macpherson, Nelson. American Intelligence in War-Time London The explanation of the Oss, 2003). near Eastern European governments followed the KGB model in their intelligence operations. China, Cuba, and other Communist nations still do. The third model of intelligence systems is the British, a confederation of agencies set up by a Cabinet subcommittee and accountable to the Cabinet and ready minister. The two principal units are the Secret Intelligence Service (often called MI6, signifying military intelligence) and the Security Service (popularly called MI5). These labels reflect the military origins of these services, which are now in the civilian sector. MI6 is similar to the CIA and the KGB in that it carries out espionage, counter-espionage, and c naked action overseas. MI5 is charged with domesticated counter-intelligence and internal security.Scotland Yard maintains a special branch, which operates as the overt arm of the security service it makes arrests and offers evidence in espionage cases while MI5 agents remain in the background. A takings of specialized units also operate within the British intelligence community. These include the Government Communications sum of money (for code making and breaking), the Ministry of Defense intelligence sections, and various Foreign Office intelligence groups. With some national variations, the intelligence services of France, Italy, Israel, and the Commonwealth of Nations countries follow the general British pattern of organization (see Macpherson, Nelson. American Intelligence in War-Time London The Story of the Oss, 2003). During the 19th century Political e spionage is thought to have first been used systematically by Joseph Fouch, duc dOtrante, minister of police during the French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon. Under Fouchs direction, a network of police agents and professional spies uncovered conspiracies to seize power organized by the Jacobins and by Bourbon chevalier migrs. The Austrian statesman Prince von Metternich also set up an efficient organization of political and military spies early in the 19th century. Better cognize than either of these organizations was the dreaded Okhrana (Department for Defence of Public Security and Order) of the Russian tsars, created in 1825 to uncover opposition to the regime. During the mid-19th century the secret police of Prussia was reorganized and invested with the duty of safeguarding the external as well as the internal security of the country. The Prussian espionage system played an important part in preparations to blend the German states in the German Empire. It also covered France with a network of about 30,000 agents whose work contributed to the German victory in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. Not until the latter part of the 19th century, however, were permanent intelligence bureaux created by modern states (see T. Richelson, Jeffrey. A Century of Spies Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. 1999). Early 20th century opinionated espionage aided the Japanese in defeating the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. In preparing for World War I the Germans again flooded France with a host of agents, some of whom were disguised as trade representatives, teachers, agricultural labourers, or domestics. The most famous of these agents was Mata Hari, who posed as an Indian dancer in Paris. German agents also engaged in attempts to sabotage American national defense both before and after the US entry into World War I. Most nations, however, entered World War I with inadequate espionage staffs, and the war was frequently fought on the basis of poor intelligence. The lessons of that war, along with rapid advances in technology, especially in communications and aviation, spurred a major growth in intelligence agencies.This was further stimulated by the advent of Fascist governments in Europe and a military dictatorship in Japan, all of which had expansionist foreign policies and the creation of counter-espionage agencies such as the Gestapo in Nazi Germany. These developments led other, democratic countries to establish counter-espionage systems as well (see Hulnick, Arthur S. and Valcourt, Richard R. Fixing the Spy Machine Preparing American Intelligence for the Twenty-First Century. 1999). Espionage during World War II World War II was the great stimulus to intelligence services worldwide. Modern military and communications technology put a premium on accurate and quick information, as well as on efforts to protect the security of sensitive information. Some of the great battles of World War II were actually intellige nce and counter-intelligence battles. Only in recent years have some of the exploits, and chastisements, in this secret war been disclosed. Notable is Operation Double Cross, in which the British captured practically all the German spies in Great Britain during the war and turned them into double agents who sent dour information back to Germany. Also, the British and their allies were able to break the German secret code, providing access to many of the enemys secret trans bursting charges (see Sexton Jr., Donal J. Signals Intelligence in World War II A Research Guide. 1999). The surprisal attack by Japan on the American naval base at Pearl harbor on December 7, 1941, was a great intelligence success for the Japanese and an intelligence failure for the Americans. That failure stimulated the post-war growth of a massive intelligence apparatus in the United States.Before World War II the United States had virtually no intelligence system after the war the CIA became world famous fo r its pervasive international surveillance, joining the MI6, the KGB, the Service de Documentation Extrieure et de Contre-Espionage of France, Israels foreign intelligence agency Mossad, Chinas brotherly Affairs Department, and numerous other intelligence agencies in a massive network of espionage and counter-espionage efforts (see Sexton Jr., Donal J. Signals Intelligence in World War II A Research Guide. 1999). Modern Era In the mid-1970s, as a result of disillusionment with the Vietnam War, the Watergate scandal, and the policies of dtente, many Americans began to question the role of the CIA. Mass-media disclosures of intelligence agency abuses and failures were followed by investigations by presidential commissions and congressional committees, which resulted in new guidelines for secret operations and a new structure for executive and legislative supervision. Controversy over the CIAs role and control remains, however. One result is an ever-increasing amount of in the public eye(predicate) information about intelligence services around the world (see Espionage. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, pp. 342-347, vol. 5). In Britain, MI5 remained unrecognized by statute until 1989, and MI6 until 1994. Espionage in Politics and Industry Intelligence and espionage are terms most commonly associated with national foreign policies, yet secret information is needed to make decisions in politics, commerce, and industry. Political parties have always been interested in the strategic plans of their opponents or in any information that might discredit them. Most large corporate enterprises today have divisions for strategic planning that require intelligence reports. Competitive enterprises are undeniably interested in the plans of their competitors despite laws against such practices, industrial espionage is difficult to detect and control and is known to be an active tool for gaining such foreknowledge. Many of the tools of government intelligence work are used, i ncluding electronic surveillance and aerial photographic reconnaissance, and attempts are even made to recruit defectors (see Espionage. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, pp. 342-347, vol. 5). Espionage turn of events of 1917 Espionage Act of 1917 is a principal United States legislation prohibiting espionage for a foreign country and providing heavy penalties for such activity. As amended in 1940 and 1970, it is still in force. The 1917 law provided steep fines and imprisonment for collecting and transmitting to foreign power information link up to US national defense and for interfering with the recruitment or loyalty of the armed forces. Use of the US mail for material urging treason or resistance to US laws was prohibited sabotage, especially of trading ships, was subjected to severe penalties the movement of neutral ships in US waters was correct (in order to stop such vessels from shipping arms or supplies to an enemy country) and the fraudulent use of passports as well as the unauthorized representation of a foreign government were prohibited. An important amendment to the law, usually called the revolution Act, was passed in 1918 but repealed in 1921 it forbade spoken or printed attacks on the US government, Constitution, or flag (see Intelligence. novel measuring stick Encyclopedia, pp. 431-437, vol. 7). During the outbreak of public hysteria pursuance the US entry into World War I, the 1917 and 1918 laws permitted about 1,500 trials and prison sentences freedom of the press was curtailed. In 1919 this led US Supreme Court justices Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and Louis Brandeis to state the principle, later much cited, that unpatriotic speech and publications were illegal only if they constituted a clear and present danger to national security. The 1940 revision of the Espionage Act increased its penalties. The application of the law to propaganda was limited by a Supreme Court decision in 1944. During World War II about 160 people were convict ed under the Espionage Act. Also under this act, the American Communists Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of spying and executed in 1953 (see Intelligence. New warning Encyclopedia, pp. 431-437, vol. 7). Central Intelligence Agency Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), agency of the Executive Office of the professorship of the United States, created in 1947, together with the National Security Council. The CIA is Americas first permanent peacetime intelligence agency prudent for keeping the government informed of foreign actions affecting the nations interests. It was established by the National Security Act of 1947 and is charged with arrange all US intelligence activities, as well as such functions and duties related to intelligence as order by the National Security Council (see Darling, Arthur B. The Central Intelligence Agency An shaft of Government, to 1950. 2002). A director and deputy director of the agency are appointed by the president with the take o f the Senate (see Hulnick, Arthur S. and Valcourt, Richard R. Fixing the Spy Machine Preparing American Intelligence for the Twenty-First Century, 1999).History The CIAs original mission was generally intelligence gathering, but after Communist takeovers in Eastern Europe and mainland China, the National Security Council directed that the agency engage in political, covert psychological, paramilitary, and economic operations. United States participation in the Korean War (1950-1953) placed additional requirements on the CIA to support the combat forces. In the period from 1953 to 1961 the CIA was at the height of its cold war activities, carrying out continuous foreign intelligence, counter-intelligence, political action, and propaganda operations. In late 1961 the CIA was reorganized to put more than emphasis on science, technology, and internal management. The agency was heavily committed in the war in South East Asia. In 1963 an Office of National Intelligence Programs Evaluati on was established to coordinate community activities this was replaced in 1972 by an Intelligence Community Staff (see Lowenthal, Mark M. U.S. Intelligence Evolution and Anatomy, 1999).Activities The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is divided into four main directorates, or branches. The Directorate of Operations conducts covert activities around the world. The Directorate of Science and Technology interprets data gathered from electronic transmissions, spy satellites, and other sources. The Directorate of Intelligence produces analyses for policy makers by synthesizing information from the CIA and other federal agencies. The Directorate of Administration oversees the agencys finances and personnel and monitors internal security. The activities of the CIA are many and varied. Clandestine collection of vital information that cannot be obtained by any overt means requires recruiting agents who can obtain the needed intelligence without detection. Intelligence reports from all so urces are reviewed by analysts who produce studies ranging from basic surveys to estimates of future developments. Current intelligence of major importance is detailed in daily, weekly, or monthly bulletins. diurnal projections concerning key nations are presented as national intelligence estimates (see Lowenthal, Mark M. U.S. Intelligence Evolution and Anatomy, 1999). The CIA is also prudent for counter-espionage activities. Its mission is to prevent the placement of foreign agents in sensitive US agencies domestically this work is coordinated with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Covert political operations have ranged from subsidizing friendly foreign politicians, parties, or pressure groups to providing assistance in combating subversion. Paramilitary operations support certain exile forces with training and equipment one example was the CIAs support of Cuban exiles before and during the verbalise of Pigs invasion of Cuba. Modern technology has increased the capabil ities of intelligence collection. In the 1960s high-altitude aircraft introduced a new era of aerial photography this was quickly followed by transmissions from space satellites. Similarly, underseas intelligence work was advanced by vessels capable of raising a submarine from great depths (see Lowenthal, Mark M. U.S. Intelligence Evolution and Anatomy, 1999).Controversy and investigations All clandestine activities are considered abhorrent by some people. Many, however, recognize secret intelligence collection necessary to protect national security. Generally, people support covert political activities in times of crisis. The role of the CIA director as the principal US intelligence officer and coordinator of activities of the other agencies has often been in dispute. Over the years frequent proposals have been made to divest the head of the CIA of the coordinating role and assign that function to a member of the White House staff. The CIA has been investigated a number of times b y various task force groups, one of which in 1949 recommended major reorganization of CIA operations. Following the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, President John F. Kennedy appointed a group to analyze the failure. In 1975 the CIA came under extensive Congressional and White House examination. It was found that the agency had been engaged in unlawful domestic spying activities and had been implicated in assassination attempts abroad. As a result of these investigations, permanent Congressional committees were established to oversee CIA operations. By 1980 these committees had exclusive jurisdiction over review of CIA activities (see Marchetti, Victor and Marks, John D. The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, 2001). By 1986, however, the agency was involved in a new controversy concerning the secret sale of arms to Iran and the expenditure of monies from the sale to the rebels (known as the Contras) fighting the government of Nicaragua. The late CIA director William J. Casey, among oth ers, was suspected of being implicated in the arms scandal. As the 1990s began, the collapse of the Soviet bloc and the dissolution of the USSR led the CIA to revise its mission and organization to meet changing world conditions. The United States government released the first of three batches of classified documents expect to shed light on relations between Chile and the United States during the 1970s in June 1999. These documents included reports by the Central Intelligence Agency referring to covert operations intended to promote a military coup and overturn the government of President Allende. There was further criticism for the CIA after the terrorist attacks on the United States of September 11, 2001, when it was accused of not having done enough to warn of, and possibly prevent, the impending disaster. Over the following months the organization was subsequently given extra powers and resources to conduct increased covert operations as part of the war on terrorism it also bega n to develop closer ties with the FBI (see T. Richelson, Jeffrey. A Century of Spies Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. 1999). Conclusion Implications of Modern Technology All forms and techniques of intelligence are now aided by an accelerating technology of communications and a variety of computing and measuring devices. Miniaturized cameras and microfilm have made it easier for people engaged in all forms of espionage to photograph secret documents and conceal the films. Artificial satellites also have an espionage functionthat of aerial photography for such purposes as detecting secret military installations. Information held or programmes rill on computers are vulnerable to penetration by hackers, whether acting independently or for other bodies.The avant-garde of these developments is highly secret, but it is known that telephones can be tapped without wires, rooms can be bugged (planted with electronic listening and recording devices) without entry, and photographs can be made in the dark. Of course this same technology is used in countermeasures, and the competition escalates between those seeking secret information and those trying to protect it. In foreign embassies in sensitive areas, confidential discussions routinely take place in plastic bubbles encasing secure rooms, to protect the confidentiality of information. Intelligence agencies have long been known to be staffed with expert lip readers. Privacy of communications remains under constant assault by technological developments that offer threats to, but perhaps also promises for, human progress.ReferencesC. S. Trahair, Richard. Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies and Secret Operations, 2004. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT.T. Richelson, Jeffrey. A Century of Spies Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. 1999. Oxford University Press, New York.Carney, Ralph M. Citizen Espionage Studies in Trust and Betrayal. 2001. Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT.Bungert, Heike Et Al. Secret Intellige nce in the Twentieth Century. 2003. weenie Cass. London.Herrington, Stuart A. Traitors among Us Inside the Spy Catchers World, 1999. 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